John Deweys Critique of Socioeconomic Individualism Essay -- Sociolog

My paper endeavors to display the consistency of John Dewey’s non-individualistic independence. It subtleties Dewey’s guarantee that the conventional dualism restricting the person to the social is politically weakening. We discover Dewey in the 20’s and 30’s, for instance, contending that the formation of a real open field, one fit for blocking the ascent of a counterfeit gap among sociality and individualityâ€or, rather, one fit for blocking the ascent of a fake gorge between ideas of sociality and individualityâ€had itself been prevented by an acquired, obsolete, however regardless predominant exceptionally called independence. By blocking open examination itself, by enervating what Dewey called social request, and along these lines by deceiving generally touchy evaluations of elusive social wonders, our unexpectedly tied independence floats erratically and damagingly through the current time. To the extent that it neglects to acknowledge how expo sure and singularity can be a compatible, inseparable, and commonly molding pair, independence leeches a large number of today’s people of their arranged and arranging recorded potential. In the last part of his work The Public and its Problems (PAIP) John Dewey proposes that, in spite of the request of most social scholars, on the off chance that we respect the purported singular/social qualification as a hole to be connected or as an absolute opposite to be combined then our nose for open and popularity based change has been deceived by a focal distraction of political innovation: The fundamental to productive conversation of social issues is that sure obstructions will be survived, hindrances dwelling in our current originations of the strategy for social request. One of the checks in the way is the seemingl... ...ical progress, and at exactly that point will we establish the framework for the development of open mechanical assemblies which don't simply police nuclear selves adversely in their fights for financial matchless quality and which don't just accommodate Society to the cases of private Selves yet which produce selves routinely impervious to atomization. To be sure, as we likewise demonstrated above, as indicated by Dewey the issue of exposure in present day society and the cutting edge state lies less needing overcoming any barrier between the one and the numerous as in indicating the illogical impacts of intuition as indicated by the reasonable plan of a hole. It is as of now utter horror, at the end of the day, to consider conciliatorily exposure, to believe that an exuberant open field can exist just when certain individual cases are relinquished or, on the other hand, that independence will flourish just to the detriment of the more noteworthy open great.

Study On The Alternative Medicine Reflexology

Study On The Alternative Medicine Reflexology By and by there are different techniques for treatment for various kinds of maladies, for example, disease, asthma, and numerous sclerosis, and elective medication is getting progressively common among individuals in spite of the trend setting innovation. Numerous individuals these days attempt to maintain a strategic distance from the utilization of drugs in view of the reactions. this is the reason individuals are pulled in to elective treatment methods, since they need a powerful treatment that isn't expensive and doesn't bring about any mischief. There are over a hundred distinct kinds of elective medication and the number is as yet developing. A couple of models are: chiropractic, reflexology, hypnotherapy, reiki, ayurveda, kinesiology, homeopathy, osteopathy, cranial treatment, different sorts of needle therapy, shading treatment, back rub, and sound treatment [1]. For instance, Reflexology has been generally utilized in fields, for example, birthing assistance, orthopedics, neuroscience and palliative consideration [2]. 1.1 What is Reflexology : Reflexology is the physical demonstration of applying strain to the feet and hand with explicit thumb, finger and hand procedures without the utilization of oil or salve [3]. It is likewise called zone treatment, in view of the idea that each body part is spoken to on all fours and that pushing on explicit territories on the hands or feet can effectsly affect different pieces of the body. The body is separated into 10 longitudinal zones-five on each side of the body. Every organ or some portion of the body is spoken to on all fours; rubbing or squeezing every territory can animate the progression of vitality, blood, supplements, and nerve motivations to the relating body zone and accordingly soothe sicknesses in that zone[4]. Each piece of the foot speak to a reflex zone that relate to explicit organ or part of the body, for instance: the tips of the toes mirror the head the heart and chest are around the chunk of the foot the liver, pancreas and kidney are in the curve of the foot low back and digestive organs are towards the heel This idea was encouraged by physiotherapist Eunice Ingham into the cutting edge practice of reflexology. Dr. William H. Fitzgerald, an ear, nose, and throat specialist, presented this idea of zone treatment in 1915. American physiotherapist Eunice Ingram further built up this zone hypothesis during the 1930s into what is presently knows as reflexology. A logical clarification is that the weight may impart signs that balance the sensory system or discharge synthetic substances, for example, endorphins that lessen torment and stress [11]. 1.2 The distinction among Reflexology and Foot Massage: Reflexology is unique in relation to foot knead in that it includes increasingly shallow contact, further weight on specific pieces of the foot and takes after a caterpillar-like development. It has been asserted that by squeezing the reflex zones, vitality squares or unsettling influences, for example, calcium, lactate or uric corrosive gems are reabsorbed and later disposed of a procedure alluded to as detoxification'[2]. In foot rub individuals ordinarily use knead oil or moisturizer and utilize delicate floating strokes everywhere throughout the foot. Reflexology is very unique, while numerous individuals discover reflexology unwinding. One reason individuals frequently befuddle the two is that a few spas and salons publicize that they offer reflexology, yet what individuals really get is foot rub by an advisor who isnt appropriately prepared or confirmed in reflexology [12 ]. 1.3 Reflexology Foot Chart: 1. Top of Head 2. Sinuses 3. Pituitary Gland 4. Worldly Area 5. Neck, Cervical 6. Upper Lymph Area 7. Parathyroid Gland 8. Ears 9. Eyes 10. Thyroid Glands 11. Shoulder 12. Lungs and Bronchi 13. Heart Area 14. Heart 15. Spine, Vertebra 16. Pancreas 17. Sun oriented Plexus 18. Stomach Duodenum 19. Liver 20. Spleen 21. Spleenic Fixture 22. Nerve Bladder 23. Adrenal Glands 24. Hepatic Flexure 25. Kidneys 26. Transverse Colon 27. Abdomen 28. Ureters 29. Rising Colon 30. Slipping Colon 31. Lumbar 32. Small Intestines 33. Sacral 34. Bladder 35. Ileo-Caecal Valve 36. Reference section 37. Sigmoid Flexure 38. Hip Lower Back 39. Coccyx 40. Sciatic Area 41. Rectum 42. Uterus 43. Prostate 44. Bosom 45. Lymph Drainage 46. Fallopian Tubes 47. Lymph Nodes (Arm Pit) 48. Sacro Iliac Joint 49. Ovary or Testicle 50. Lymph Nodes (Groin) 51. Maxilla/Submaxilla (Jaw) 52. Tonsils 1.4 Reflexology Remedies: Some ailment identified with the: Skin: ACNE can be treated by applying pressure on explicit territories; liver(19), nerve bladder(22), adrenal glands(23), ureters(28), bladder(34), kidneys(25). Additionally ECZEMA can be eased by applying pressure on different territories; Parathyroid glands(7), adrenal glands(23), kidneys(25), ureters(28), bladder(34). Stomach related framework: ANOREXIA can be treated by applying pressure on specific territories; Thyroid glands(10), stomach duodenum(18), little intestines(32), transverse colon(26), dropping colon(30), rectum(41). Gum disease can be treated by applying pressure on different regions; maxilla submaxilla(51), STOMACHACH can be diminished by applying pressure on this territories: stomach(18), and DIARRHEA NAUSEA by applying pressure on regions; Stomach duodenum(18), little intestine(32), rising colon(29), transverse colon(26), sliding colon(30), rectum(41), lymph areas(6). Circulatory framework: HYPERTENTION can be treated by applying pressure on these territories: Head(1), kidneys(25), ureters(28), bladder(34), ear(8). Pallor; Stomach duodenum(18), liver(19), pancreas(16), little intestines(32), rising colon(29), transverse colon(26), diving colon(30), spleen(20). HEART PROBLEMS can be treated by focusing the applied weight on these particular territories: Heart(14), stomach duodenum(18), little intestine(32), rising colon(29) and IRON DEFECINCY be treated by applying pressure onthis region in the outline: spleen(20). Sensory system: ANEXIETY can be diminished by applying pressure on these zones as in the foot reflexology graph; Head(1), adrenal glands(23), kidneys(25), ureters(28), bladder(34), duodenum(18), little intestines(32), transverse colon(26), plummeting colon(30), rectum(41), EPELIPSY; Head(1), lymph areas(6). Headache can be remembered by applying pressure on these territories: Head(1), frontal and worldly areas(4). BACKACH can be soothed by applying pressure on explicit territories; Hip and lower back(38), spine(15). Insusceptible framework: TUMOR (CANCER) can calmed its indications by applying pressure on explicit territories; Spleen (20), lymph zones (6), tonsil (52) (additionally reflex zones identifying with the malignant districts). Respiratory framework: ASTHMA can be treated by applying constant weight on these regions: parathyroid(7), lungs and bronchi(12), kidneys(25), ureters(28), bladder(34), lymph areas(6). Additionally BRONCHITIS can be treated by applying pressure on specific territories, for example, parathyroid(7), lungs and bronchi(12), adrenal glands(23), lymph areas(6). Joints: PAIN IN THE HIP JOINT can be alleviated by applying pressure on specific regions, for example, adrenal glands(23), kidneys(25), ureters(28), bladder(34), neck(5), hip(38). Irritation OF THE HIP JOINT can be treated by applying pressure on specific territories, for example, stomach duodenum(18), kidneys(25), ureters(28), bladder(34), hip(38), waist(27), vertebra and spine(15). Furthermore, Parkinsons Disease can be treated by applying pressure on specific zones, for example, Head(1), neck(5), parathyroid(7), adrenal glands(23), stomach duodenum(18), pancreas(16), liver(19), little intestines(32), colon areas(26,29,30), kidneys(25), ureters(28), bladder(34), rectum(41) [14]. 1.5 History of Reflexology: Around the globe and from the beginning of time reflexology has been rediscovered and restored as a wellbeing practice over and over by people groups far and wide trying to manage wellbeing concerns. Archeological proof in Egypt (2330 BCE), China (2704 BCE) and Japan (690 CE) focuses to old reflexology clinical frameworks. In the West the idea of reflexology started to develop in the nineteenth century, in view of examination into the sensory system and reflex. While no immediate proof of direct cross-treatment from antiquated occasions has been found, the act of foot and hand work in an assortment of societies, conviction frameworks and authentic periods addresses reflexology for wellbeing as a widespread connecting idea [3]. Reflexology was brought into the United States in 1913 by William H. Fitzgerald, M.D. (1872-1942), an ear, nose, and throat master who called it zone treatment. He utilized vertical lines to separate the body into 10 zones. Eunice D. Ingham (1899-1974) further created reflexology during the 1930s and 1940s, focusing on the feet of Mildred Carter and a previous understudy of Ingham consequently advanced foot reflexology as a marvelous wellbeing technique. A 1993 mailing from her distributer expressed: Not exclusively does new Body Reflexology let you fix the most exceedingly awful sicknesses securely and for all time, it can even work to switch the maturing procedure, Carter says. Bid farewell to age lines, dry skin, earthy colored spots, imperfections with Body Reflexology you can really give yourself an at-home facelift with no distress or distorting surgery[4]. Some reflexologists who deny that they analyze or treat infection guarantee that most of medical issues are pressure related and that they can help individuals by alleviating the pressure related with different illnesses or body organs. Also, this sort of twofold talk is like chiropractic asserts that subluxations lower protection from infection and that modifying the spine to address subluxations will improve wellbeing [4]. 1.6 The advantages of reflexology: Our bodies are invested with a great self-mending potential. Tragically, this potential regularly stays unfulfilled in light of the fact that the indispensable vitality pathways are obstructed by sickness, stress, clog, injury, and harmfulness. By applying a consistent and rotating finger and thumb strain to the feet and hands, the reflexologist incites a drawn out condition of profound unwinding. Through unwinding, the body comes back to a condition of equalization (known as homeostasis), as the vitality streams uninhibitedly

Just some potpourri

Just some potpourri Shiny new computer Since my grad program gives a $1000 educational allowance to incoming students, I decided to apply that money to a new laptop. I got my old laptop when I came to MIT (although, really, laptop is a pretty generous designation for that rather sizable piece of equipment), and lets just say that the past four years were not kind to it. So now the old laptop is living at home with my seventeen-year-old brother, and I am the happy owner of a shiny new Sony Vaio! My new Vaio is blue, which was really one of my major criteria for my purchase: portable, fast processor, colorful. Im totally going to have the most stylish computer in grad school. I suppose I should mention, in case it wasnt patently obvious by now, that you dont have to know much about computers to get into or attend MIT. I like technology, but I am quite happily clueless about the actual workings of my shiny new Vaio; I know enough about it to run it and maintain it, but if theres anything wrong with it, I take it to the nice people at the Computing Helpdesk. Summer reading Like Laura, I also read up a storm in the summer. I (re-)read Robert Sapolskys books A Primates Memoir, Why Zebras Dont Get Ulcers and Monkeyluv last week, and I am currently in the middle of a book Ive been meaning to read for ages: On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. Its a science book about cooking. I am completely in heaven. (And, as Im sure Sam will be excited to know, the book mentions the Maillard reaction just about every other page.) Speaking of cooking, Adam and I have been making some great food the last few weeks: red lentil curry, beef stew (it tasted just like my grandmothers), mango chicken stir-fry, homemade pizza piled high with veggies, pesto penne I think that my cooking skills are pretty good, considering that I had never eaten Chinese, Indian, or Thai food before I got to MIT. (Come to MIT! Expand your culinary horizons!) Work Next week is my last week in the lab (which is to say, the last week before I start working for the month of August with a new boss), and Im finishing up my last few experiments. Unfortunately for me, this means that I have a ton of data analysis to do. Basically, what I have to do is take one of my neuron pictures, select five 30-micron regions on the neuron, then zoom in really close. The program I use allows you to measure areas on the picture, so I measure the length and width of each spine in the regions Ive defined. The program automatically logs this information to Excel. It takes me about 10 minutes to get through each picture. Ive analyzed about 45 pictures so far, and I have about 80 to go. And then, I have to manipulate the data in Excel so I can figure out the average length and width of a spine for each condition, and decide if any differences between conditions are statistically significant. This is bone-crunchingly boring work. This is something I dont think people mention enough to prospective scientists a decent percentage of the things you have to do in science are brain-liquefyingly, eye-poppingly boring. Thats just the way things are. Santiago Ramon y Cajal, one of the first neuroscientists and one of my personal scientific icons, said You should abandon science if your soul isnt flooded with the emotion of anticipated pleasure when approaching the long-awaited and solemn moment of the fiat lux. And I think thats why its worth it if you didnt have to grind through the tedium, you wouldnt appreciate that moment at the end when the clouds open up and scientific grace descends from on high. (Incidentally, this is also my policy on suffering through Boston winters to get to Boston spring and summer. And, for that matter, its my policy on working really hard for an MIT degree. MIT kids are really good at delayed gratification, as you might imagine. Either that, or were just masochists.) Zoo! Adam and I were going to go with some of our friends to Six Flags today, but the crappy weather forecast convinced us that would be a poor choice. So instead, we headed for the zoo. Zoos are collectively my favorite place on the face of the earth, so I was a pretty happy camper. There were lots of baby animals, and all of the animals were pretty relaxed, coming to easily-viewable spots in their habitats to stare at the human visitors. It was a good zoo! I think if I werent going to be a cell biologist, I would totally be a zookeeper. Questions 1. Helen asked, What is the percentage of MIT students living at dorms owning a TV set (estimated by Mollie)? And how many of them watch TV frequently? It really depends on where you live. In MacGregor, its fairly rare for a student to have a personal TV, since each entry has a TV in the lounge, and TV watching is part entertainment and part social interaction. In dorms without widely-used community spaces, its much more common to have a TV in your room. Either way, you would be perfectly fine bringing a cheap TV with you to school if you end up in a dorm which watches TV in community areas, you can just send it home. And I suspect that whether or not you watch a lot of TV is highly dependent on whether or not you watched a lot of it before you came to MIT. :) 2. thekeri asked, You took Latin? That I did. I was actually one of three people in my school to take it all four years all but three of us dropped out after Latin III (including the friends for whom I did homework), so Latin IV was an independent study. I now remember very little of all that hard work, alas, but it did help tremendously when I was studying for the GRE. And Christina asked, Did you take any languages at MIT? I took 21F.701 (Spanish I) and 21F.702 (Spanish II) sophomore year. I really enjoyed the classes (the Spanish profs at MIT are super), but I couldnt take the higher levels because they kept conflicting with required classes in my majors. 3. Anonymous asked, Do you know if an MIT undergrad majoring in physics can apply for the MIT grad program in physics? My friend Fadam 07 says that yes, course 8 undergrads are allowed to apply for the PhD programs, although theyre not generally encouraged to do so. Its not always (or even usually) the best choice for a student to stay in the same program for undergrad and grad school, since a lot of success in science depends on a students connections and ability to network. Incidentally, I dont think its a good idea to choose/not choose MIT as a school for undergrad based on your desire to go here for grad school. I think its very foolish when people say Oh, Im not going to go to MIT for undergrad; Ill just save it for grad school. Um, yeah, good luck with that. Its not easy to get admitted to any of MITs graduate programs, and besides, you shouldnt be planning where you want to go to grad school before you even start undergrad. (Anyway, the environment of your undergraduate program is a lot more important than the environment of your graduate program you dont actually have a life in graduate school, so you dont have to choose a graduate school based on the general school atmosphere.) If you like MIT, you shouldnt choose not to come here because you think youll be able to get in for your masters or PhD.

Ethical Actions Towards Animals Essay - 1770 Words

Mahatma Gandhi once said that â€Å"the greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be measured by the way animals are treated.† One would believe that animal’s rights would be a vital concern to the United States government since thirty nine percent of the American population possesses pets. Instead, there is a debate of whether or not animals should have rights, such as the right of humane treatment, and the right to not be exploited for human purposes. Moreover, there is a greater debate of whether or not animal rights should be enforced earnestly by the government. Animals and the many things they provide for the human race, such as companionship, food, and clothing, have been taken for granted for many decades. Although statistics†¦show more content†¦A year later Martin’s legislation was passed but Colonel Richard Martin felt that people did not take the legislation seriously and this led to the formation of the Society for the Prevention of C ruelty to Animals in 1824. In 1960 Congress passed the Animal Welfare Act, which was the first federal law regulating the treatment of animals. Since then, there have been numerous animal rights movements and just as many incidents of cruelty towards animals. For instance, it was discovered that some facilities were packing pigs, chickens and hens into cages, stuffed so tight that they had no ability to lay down, stand up, or turn around freely. Other forms of animal abuse that was discovered were dog fights, cock fights, and the use of animals to obtain scientific and medical progress. Surely, one could not escape the media’s reports of the Atlanta Falcons quarterback, Michael Vick, pleading guilty to federal animal cruelty charges for conducting dog fights at his home. Not all animals are being mistreated by the people who are expected to love and care for them. In 2007, a hotel entrepreneur, Leona Helmsley died and left her dog, Trouble, $12 million. This was the first fin ancial trust ever to be awarded to a four legged companion. Ultimately, a judge cut Troubles trust fund down to $2 million for the reason that the dog only had about five years left in his life span. But Trouble’s good fortune doesn’t makeShow MoreRelatedTok Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Possession Of Knowledge Carries An Ethical Responsibility.† Evaluate This Claim. –Seo Yeon Choi- Theory of Knowledge Essay Topic: â€Å"The Possession of Knowledge Carries an Ethical Responsibility† Evaluate The Claim. School: Auckland International College School Number: 001495 Candidate Name: Seo Yeon Choi Candidate Number: 001495-010 Session: May 2013 Teacher: Beate Wiebel Word Count: 1480 â€Å"The Possession Of Knowledge Carries An Ethical Responsibility.† Evaluate This Claim. –Seo YeonRead MoreThe Production Of Animal Products For Human Consumption1077 Words   |  5 PagesThe production of animal products for human consumption contributes over 14.5 towards global greenhouse gas emissions, and is one of the biggest factors of climate change . Most consumers of meat and dairy are uninformed of this fact, as they believe that transportation and the burning of fossil fuels are the leading contributors towards global warming, and not the production of foods that they consume on a daily basis and in large quantities. However, the consumers are not the only ones to blame;Read MoreThe Ethical Theories Of Utilitarianism And Kantian Ethics Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesessay, I will be discussing an article about a woman who starved her two horses. I will address the issue about whether or not the woman’s action was ethical. I will use the two ethica l theories of utilitarianism and Kantian ethics to support my argument. I will also suggest a different course of action the woman could have taken to be justified, through both ethical theories. The article follows the story about an Australian woman who breached her duty of care to two horses that she owned (Emery, 2016)Read MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Be Abolished1211 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal experimentation is used across the world to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. The history of animal experimentation dates back to the ancient times when scientists made use of animals principally to satisfy anatomical curiosity. They would examine sensory and motors nerves to gain a deeper understanding of their functions. The testing of these animals is not a widespread topic that we are talking about in today’s society. We seem to have just accepted the factRead MoreArgument Analysis : Dont Eat Animals, Delicious, Delicious Animals By Brady Ehler1137 Words   |  5 PagesArgument Analysis: Don’t Eat Animals; Delicious, Delicious Animals In the article â€Å"Don’t Eat Animals; Delicious, Delicious Animals† by Brady Ehler on OP opinions, there are two primary argument reasons about the consumption of animal meat. The first main argument is as follows: 1. Animals arent just delicious 2. Animals are healthy, and it is easy to stay healthy if you eat animals 3. It’s so convenient to eat meat The debate whether we should eat or not eat animals remains unconcluded. In mostRead MoreA Research On Genetic Engineering1407 Words   |  6 Pagesscientific advancements; showing uncertainty in how this kind of biotechnology will affect human, animal and plant life in the future. While the continuous advancements within the field of genetic engineering are celebrated by some, there are others who are undecided and even strongly against it; deeming such practices as therapeutic uses of embryonic stem cells and the genetic modification of animals to be wholly unethical. The way in which society deems something to right or wrong, or good or badRead MoreEthical Judgement Can Restrain Someone from Expanding Their Knowledge1160 Words   |  5 Pages I obeyed the rules, for the most part. But now, as a young adult, I realize that my parents ethical judgement towards profane music, impacted my understanding of the true purpose of hip hop music and the goal of the artists. I came to the r ealization that ethical judgement can truly restrain someone from expanding their knowledge. I then began to wonder to what extent can the ethical judgement towards the mechanisms utilized in the arts, and other areas of knowledge like the natural science, preventRead MoreEssay What Moral and Ethical Obligations do Humans Have to Animals1492 Words   |  6 Pageseggs necessary to feed the population. The intensive farming method of animal husbandry has become quite a controversial issue and caused apprehension amongst many different factions of society. These concerns relate to how high density farming practices result in dangers associated with environmental impacts, human health and non-human welfare. Animal welfare/animal rights groups argue that the conditions in which the animals live are cruel and abhorrent. This notion of cruelty invites debate surroundingRead MoreAnimals Used in Research1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic that I am choosing to examine for my paper is about animals that are used in research and the rights they they do or do not have. The reason that I chose this particular topic is because that it is a topic that is very significant to me. I am currently going to Delaware technical Community College to become a Veterinary technician. My lifelong dream has always been to help and save animals, Any creature great or small animals used in research, mistreated, neglected and abused is not somethingRead MoreThe Ethical Argument For Veganism1685 Words   |  7 Pages This essay analyzes the ethical argument for veganism through the lens of philosophy using Utilitarianism defined by John Stuart Mill, and Deontological ethics according to Immanuel Kant. Through the use of these theories, I will justify the moral worth and legitimacy of the animal welfare debate that is often used to promote a cruelty-free and vegan lifestyle by analyzing questions of animal sentience, the worth of an animal’s happiness, and the right humanity supposedly has to the lives of other

J. Robert Oppenheimer Essay - 1313 Words

â€Å"There must be no barriers to freedom of inquiry. There is no place for dogma in science. The scientist is free, and must be free to ask any question, to doubt any assertion, to seek for any evidence, to correct any errors. Our political life is also predicated on openness. We know that the only way to avoid error is to detect it and that the only way to detect it is to be free to inquire. And we know that as long as [we] are free to ask what [we] must, free to say what [we] think, free to think what [we] will, freedom can never be lost, and science can never regress.† J. Robert Oppenheimer A man who is almost synonymous with the development of the atomic bomb as well as with the conflicts between the desires of the government†¦show more content†¦He obtained his PhD afterward in Germany from the prestigious University of Gà ¶ttingen. Oppenheimer was always a brooding and intense man. As a youth he suffered some degree of torment from kids his age for his bookish tendencies. During his college years, he sustained several bouts of depression. Looking back at his college years, Oppenheimer remarked that virtually everything aroused â€Å"a very great sense of revulsion and wrong.† He had a tendency to ask difficult questions of his professors. After his oral PhD exam, one of his evaluators was reputed to have said that â€Å"Phew, I’m glad that’s over. He was on the point of questioning me.† In 1929 Oppenheimer returned to the United States to take up teaching positions at Berkeley and Cal Tech. During the 30’s, Oppenheimer began to become associated with a variety of heavily left-wing organizations affiliated with Communism. This was mainly due to the repression of several Jewish relatives in Nazi Germany. He married Katherine Harrison in 1940, who was a member of the Communist party and had two children. He also started to distance himself from his former leftist friends and groups. This was probably largely done to make himself more attractive to obtaining the post of head of development for atomic bombs. Historian Daniel Kevles called World War II the â€Å"Physicist’s War.† World War II represented the greatest expenditure on a physics program in history. It developed two main technologies: radar and the atomicShow MoreRelatedThe Play Oppenheimer Follows The Story Of J Robert Oppenheimer1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Oppenheimer follows the story of J Robert Oppenheimer and his colleagues on their journey to discover and invent the atomic bomb. As the book is about the creation of this atomic weapon, the entirety of it relates to morals in some shape or form. Throughout the reading of the play I kept thinking about the moral implications of the work they were doing and what might each individual character be thinking of it. There were two parts of the play that made me really come up with this questionRead MoreThe Manhattan Project Led By J. Robert Oppenheimer1974 Words   |  8 Pages The Manhattan Project led by J. Robert Oppenheimer was the sole responsibili ty of the most destructive, but a most productive exploration of energy in the history of man- producing the atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, arguably started the war-like encounter, the cold war, sparking conflicts and bills that would affect future for centuries to come, and starting a nuclear arms race between the United States and Russia. Firstly, with substantiation from the many lives claimed byRead MoreThe Creation of the Worlds Deadliest Bomb Essays1867 Words   |  8 Pagesunlikely candidate of all Robert J. Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer and Groves were completely different people not only because one was a scientist and the other an engineer but also in their personal life. However they did have some similar characteristics like both of them were extremely sure of themselves. today people think that choosing Oppenheimer â€Å"was a real stroke of genius on the part of General Groves, who was not generally considered to be a genius†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Oppenheimer was the right pick even thoughRead MoreThe Manhattan Project Lifesaver Or Life Destroyer Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pagesthe right thing or if we have made a huge mistake. In this case it is the Manhattan Project. This project was first time the atomic bomb was introduced. It was led by General Leslie Groves and the research was directed by American scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer. Most of the people who worked on this project were not told what they were working on, but only told what to do. In this case, was it right to lie to the people working on this project, was it necessary not to tell the U.S. community, andRead More Oppenheimer And The Atomic Bomb Essay examples3793 Words   |  16 Pages Julius Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb J. Robert Oppenheimer was a brilliant physicist and known as the †Father of the Atomic Bomb†. A charismatic leader of rare good qualities and commonplace flaws, Oppenheimer brought an uncommon sensibility to research, teaching, and government science. After help creating the atomic bomb with the Manhattan Project he was banned from the U.S. Government during the McCarthy Trials. He opposed the idea of stockpiling nuclear weapons and was deemed a securityRead MoreThe Life Of Ivan Denisovich By Alexander Solzhenitsyn2066 Words   |  9 PagesSolzhenitsyn is one piece of literature that portrays what life in the Gulag system was life through the eyes of Ivan Denisovich. The film Stalingrad shows the brutalization of the Russian soldiers by the German soldiers. The play In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer by Heiner Kipphardt shows the brutalization of people with communist views or pasts. All three of these works portray how groups that are brutalized are viewed as outsid ers. These works are important because they document what happened to theseRead MoreJ. Robert Oppenhimer s Leadership Essay2162 Words   |  9 PagesJ. Robert Oppenhimer’s leadership was critical in the United States’ creation of the atomic bomb. The name J. Robert Oppenheimer is inextricably coupled with the Manhattan Project. Was Oppenheimer immoral in his role as overseer of the project which sought to create weapon of mass destruction? We shall consider evidence from Oppenheimer’s life, as well as the historical context surrounding Oppenheimer’s decision, and contrast similar decisions made by scientists in comparable scenarios. J. RobertRead MoreBriefly outline the features of big science. What is the significance of the Manhattan Project in understanding the development of big science?1605 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies and therefore Weinberg must not consider Big Science to be a new phenomenon. Others have argued that the scale of science has been growing steadily for centuries, and that it is impossible to pinpoint a definite start for Big Science. Derek J. de Solla Price explained that the scale of science had been increasing over the 300 years up to the start of the Second World War, and suggested that Big Science signified the near end of this scientific era. (Capshew Rader, 1992, p. 7) He also postulatedRead MoreEssay on Krishnas World View1422 Words   |  6 PagesBomb† J. Robert Oppenheimer has cited the Bahagavad Gita as one of the most influential books to shape his philosophy of life. He later said he had thought of the quotation Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds, a verse from the Bahagavad Gita (11.32) after he witnessed the first ever atomic weapon test. (Trinity) Bibliography Anthology of World Scriptures: Eastern Religions by Robert E. Van Voorst The Bhagavad Gita Translation by Shri Purohit Swami J. Robert Oppenheimer on theRead MoreSynthesis Essay : The Atomic Bomb 2070 Words   |  9 PagesSynthesis Essay – J. Robert Oppenheimer MSgt Troyann O. Johnson Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy â€Æ' J. Robert Oppenheimer Take a moment and imagine yourself as a scientist. You’re in the Alamogordo desert. Your hands are sweating but not due to the heat. You’re waiting to see the first detonation of the weapon you developed – the atomic bomb. You’re asking, will it work at all? Will this one detonation destroy the entire world? Then moment of truth, it detonates; you are temporarily

Kelloggs vintage ad Free Essays

In the early sass’s, a well-known cereal brand, Kellogg, put out an advertisement for a new product it was producing, vitamins. The ad shows a well-dressed husband standing with his wife, both of whom look happy. The man Is wearing a suit, and the woman Is dressed to clean with her apron on and hand duster. We will write a custom essay sample on Kelloggs vintage ad or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ad shows the husband saying, â€Å"So the harder a wife works, the cuter she looks. † On the bottom right hand side, you see a little comic of the husband and wife again speaking to each other. The husband says, â€Å"Gosh, honey, you seem to thrive on cooking, cleaning and dusting and I am all tuckered out by closing time. What’s the answer? ‘ The wife responds, â€Å"Vitamins, darling! I always get my vitamins. † This ad is trying to portray the man as hard working and tired, but a woman who, though she is also hard working, isn’t tired, and is ready to please her man when he comes home. Kellogg is using sex appeal and gender roles to attract its consumers; however, this ad would be ineffective today because of its use of logos, ethos, and pathos. Back in the sass’s, it is known that woman were the ones that did all the cooking and cleaning throughout the house, while the husband went to work. In the Kellogg ad you see a woman that Is ready to clean and a man who has Just returned from work. The ad Is portraying a man holding his wife from behind saying â€Å"So the harder a wife works, the cuter she looks! † On the bottom right hand side of the ad you see the husband and wife again, this time facing each other, but again he is holding her. With the husband asking his wife how she seems to thrive on the cooking and cleaning because by the end of the day of work he is all tuckered out. The wife answers by saying, â€Å"Vitamins, Darling I always get my vitamins. † You get the idea that the woman will always be ready for the man. Especially with the way the husband is holding onto her. You can also get a glimpse of the gender roles that are being viewed. During that era woman had to stay home and maintain the house while the man went to work to make the money. On the left hand side of the ad, there is a tiny Image of a Kellogg PEP cereal box. By looking at the ad you would not know It was supposed to be about cereal. When looking at an advertisement you indirectly come across three approaches to the argument; logos, ethos, and pathos. When you look for the logos you are looking for the reason, or logic, behind the ad and what is making it appeal to the reader. Looking at the vintage Kellogg ad, there are bold letters at the bottom saying, â€Å"Vitamins for pep! Pep for vitamins. † By reading that statement you want to assume that you are looking at an ad for vitamins. If you were to take your vitamins, then you would have the energy that you would need to do your daily tasks, and to also please your husband. The logic would not work today because taking vitamins does not give you substantial health benefits. It is more like that placebo effect, in which people believe that it is doing something for you, but in the long run it is not doing anything t all. Ethos Is the credibility of the ad, so you are looking for the reputation, experience, and Its values of the advertiser. The ad Is showing how Kellogg PEP Is a good source for energy Like vitamins. So you can see that the brand of Kellogg and the reliability of vitamins are an excellent source of nutritional supplement. The brand of Kellogg and the belief that vitamins could give you what your regular diet you the energy that you were made to believe once did. Pathos is the emotion ad is portraying. It uses feelings, desires, and fear to influence your reader. The woman in he picture looks energetic and ready to go do the cooking and all the household chores, such as laundry, dishes, dusting, mopping, etc. The wife feels better than the man after a long day of hard work, and that she is ready to go to please him. With the wife having all the energy, she will be able to perform the acts that her husband desires to make him happy. The pathos would not work today because women do not just stay home and cook and clean. Today woman have more say in the way things are done. Kellogg used ethos, logos, and pathos to attract their consumers. Kellogg sees the idea of taking your vitamins as a supplement to give you energy to do your household chores, and for the woman to please her man. They are using sex appeal to attract more consumers. In that time woman were only allowed to wear dresses to look sexier. The ethos, logos, and pathos would not work today because of their use of sex appeal and gender roles. Today, women are able to go to work and not Just be a stay at home wife. Women have more options. By looking at the advertisement, you would not know that it was about Kellogg if it did not have the little logo box in the bottom left corner. How to cite Kelloggs vintage ad, Papers

Benefits Challenges Reflexivity Qualitative -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Benefits Challenges Reflexivity Qualitative? Answer: Introduction Portfolio building is one of the important criteria for any job role or profession. The development of a professional portfolio is equally important within nursing care practise. It is a collection of carefully selected materials that documents the competencies and the expertise of the nurses. It provides a way for the monitoring of professional development by periodically accessing the progress. The professional portfolios could be divided into two main types which are best work and growth and development portfolio. The best work portfolio provides evidences of the expertise and competencies of the nurses. These portfolios are used as references for career ladder promotions, annual performance review, accreditations etc. The growth and development portfolios are designed for the nurses in order to monitor their progress in meeting personal and professional learning goals (Laschinger Fida, 2015). This kind of portfolio could be used by the nurses for evaluation of their own profess ional growth. The nursing professional can access their own performance through a four step process, which further helps in development of the professional practise portfolio. In the first step, the nurse would access the accounting of knowledge possessed by them and the areas, which needs further development. The second step is focused upon developing a plan for meeting with the learning needs. Some of the activities which are undertaken over here include continuing education, completing certain clinical experiences. The third step is the implementation of the plan which is done by completing a specific set of activities. The fourth step is the evaluation of the outcomes of learning which helps in highlighting the gaps in the nursing care delivery process. As commented by Regan, Laschinger Wong (2016), proper portfolio screening can help in the recruitment of experienced nursing professionals, which can improve the quality of the health and support care services. Additionally, repeated evaluation through the professional portfolio can also help in enhancement of the personal skill sets of the nursing professionals. Benefits and challenges of using a professional practice portfolio There are a number of benefits and challenges associated with the professional portfolio which have been discussed further. As commented by Kalb, O'Conner-Von, Brockway, Rierson Sendelbach (2015), developing an effective portfolio gives a sense of achievement to the ensuring professionals. The in-depth self evaluation helps in focussing upon the loopholes within nursing care practice, which could be further used in the development of long term goals (Missen, McKenna Beauchamp, 2016). Some of these long term goals help in making the nursing care services better and fit for meeting with the diverse needs of the patients. Therefore, maintaining a professional portfolio can make a nursing professional more critical of their work, which can help them in the making individual areas of nursing care strong by the nursing professional. As commented by Jefferies et al. (2018), maintaining a professional practise portfolio can act as a database where the expertise of the nursing professionals working within a particular hospital are noted down. Thus, maintaining an effective portfolio also helps in the allocation of the duties within a care setup, as per the expertise possessed by individual staffs. However, there are a number of limitations of maintaining a professional portfolio which have been further discussed. In this respect, the portfolio could simply become a piece of paper. As commented by Hickey et al. (2017), the assembling and contracting of the portfolio is a rather time-consuming process. The portfolio can simply help in identification of the functional aspects without giving a detailed outlook of the bigger concern. The portfolio for a nursing professional must be built up in accordance with the standards as specified by the Nursing and Midwifery board of Australia (NMBA standards). As commented by Bengtsson Carlson (2015), the failure to comply with the NMBA standards can reduce the affectivity of a portfolio along with making it void. Management and leadership competencies in professional nursing practise portfolio The leadership and management competencies play a crucial role in developing an effective professional nursing portfolio. The leadership and management skills are crucial to the success of a healthcare care setup. Some of these contribute significantly in maintaining an effective work flow within a healthcare organization. The management role for a nursing professional could be divided into three distinct roles that are managing the business, developing the leader within oneself and leading the people. Some of these are human resource management, where sufficient amount of importance needs to be given to the staffing and training of the nursing professionals. As commented by Kalb et al. (2015), the preceptor nurse plays a crucial role in the training of the newly recruited nursing professionals. Another key objective of managing the business is through performance improvement. For this constant performance measurement and evaluation needs to be done, which helps in highlighting the d earth in technical expertise possessed by the nursing professionals. A survey conducted can help in accessing the regulatory readiness of the hospitals. Thus, the professional nursing portfolio can help in assessment of the performance gaps of the working professionals. As mentioned by Laschinger Fida (2015), contingency planning is one of the most important objectives of nursing care. Conducting sufficient amount of internal checks of the hospital and the working can help in assessment of the internal loopholes which can help in preparing the hospital for any forms of future risk (Katsikitis et al., 2013). There has been huge amount dependence of healthcare upon information technology. This is because most of the healthcare organizations are providing healthcare services based upon implementation of electronic healthcare records. The EHR helps in fast and accurate delivery of health and support care services. Therefore, possessing such technical It skills can help in making the nursing care more comprehensive. As commented by Wilkinson (2012), the more the number of skills mentioned within the professional portfolio the better are the chances of recruitment. Therefore, possessing multiskill abilities can help in improving the quality of the servic es offered by the nursing professional (MacPhee, Skelton?Green, Bouthillette Suryaprakash, 2012). As commented by Jefferies et al. (2018), past work experience in similar clinical scenario can help the nursing professional in developing an understanding contingency planning. Some of the leadership competencies which could be described over here with regards to nursing care are provision of effective training to the nursing staffs. Some of the clinical experience of the nursing professionals can be documented within the professional portfolio under the job experience and responsibilities section. This further helps in the allocation of the duties and the roles of the nursing professionals within a healthcare setup. Description of a professional situation In this respect, focussing upon a real life situation can help in the understanding the nursing professional standards. In the current situation, the nursing standards as highlighted by the NMBA board have been focussed upon. The standards have been developed for improving the quality of the services offered by the Australia based hospitals and healthcare centers. The criteria need to be evaluated in the context of the working of the registered nurse. As commented by Alexander Stewart (2016), the criteria are not exhaustive and enable the development of individual registered nurse scope of practices. In this respect, a professional scenario has been taken into consideration for understanding the effect of the professional nursing standards within a clinical scenario. I have been working as an enrolled with an aged care where I had to go through some actual clinical experiences which helped me develop my knowledge over the professional standards of nursing. I was responsible for looking after an aged care ward. During my practise one such patient was admitted to the hospital with psychological trauma and also had a past history of dementia. The patient had reduced cognitive abilities along with poor memory which made it difficult in handling and management of the patient. Therefore, maintaining an effective note taking could help in keeping a track of the present and past health condition of the patient. This could have made referral and dissemination of treatment much more effective. However, being an enrolled nurse I lacked the expertise of effective note taking. I also lacked sufficient knowledge regarding the use of electronic health record systems. Hence I failed to make effective note taking regarding the medications to be followed by the pa tient, which resulted in wrong doses being given to the patient. This could further deteriorate the health condition of the patient along with leading to medical negligence. Hence, I should have abided by the standard 4 of the NMBA standards. The standard 4 focuses on the importance of implementation of assessment techniques for effective data collection within the healthcare settings. The situation made me realize of the NMBA standards as compliance with those standards can help me improve the professional care and practices. Critical discussion of the professional nursing NMBA standards As discussed earlier, the NMBA standards help in compliance monitoring by the registered nurse. As mentioned by Danielson (2011), following the NMBA standards helps in controlling the rates of service gaps. There are a total of seven NMBA standards some of which have been discussed below as follows: Therefore, reflecting upon the scope of practices helped me develop my professional skills further. Focussing upon the individual professional nursing standards helped me understand my strengths and weaknesses. I think working as an enrolled nurse I lacked the effective communication skills, which kept me at distance with some of the patient groups. Hence, developing the therapeutic communication skills could further help me in relation with my patients as well as understand the grievances faced by them. I also think less knowledge regarding the assessment techniques hampered the quality of data collection practices as per standards 4 of the NMBA standards. Hence, I would need to develop my data collection skills which would help me in accessing the situation and condition of the patient. As commented by Oakley, Pegrum Johnston (2014), developing knowledge in some of technical health accessibility factors could provide me with a competitive advantage. As per the standard 3 of the NMBA regulations, the registered nurses are responsible for ensuring they are safe and have the capacity for practise. Under such directives the RN is responsible for self management and also ensures capability for practise for other health professionals (McNamara, 2013). Under this the RN needs to take accountabilities and responsibilities for their actions or decisions and also others to whom they have delegated important responsibilities (Yanhua Watson, 2011). This had been done in the form of effective delegation and communication across the team. The briefing sessions held for an half an hour every day also helped us fulfill our responsibilities effectively within the healthcare setup. Report on peak professional nursing organization relevant to career path Development of a career path is crucial to receive success as a nursing professional. Therefore, working as a nursing professional I have always felt special interest for critical care nursing. I feel that developing my skills in this particular area of nursing can help me in handling and management of the emergency and trauma care cases better. The nursing care organization relevant to my career path would be Australian College of Critical Care Nurses (ACCCN). The ACCCN is a professional organization contributing to the sector of critical care in Australia ("About Us - ACCCN - Australian College of Critical Care Nurses Ltd", 2018). The members of the organisation are clinical nurses, nurse educators, nurse managers, nurse researchers who work in intensive care units such as emergency care units, cardiothoracic units. ACCCN provides advanced life support programs annually. I think undertaking training in the ACCCN would be beneficial for me in many contexts as I will be part of a tea m that caters for ICU complexities including complex ventilation, ECMO and CRRT("About Us - ACCCN - Australian College of Critical Care Nurses Ltd", 2018). This can help me progress in my professional career manifold times. The college is a not-for profit organisation which helps almost 2300 nurses annually to progress in their careers through multiple courses such as National Adult ALS certification, National Pediatric ALs certification. Conclusion The current assignment focuses on the importance of developing an effective portfolio in professional nursing practise. The development of an effective nursing portfolio helps them in evaluating their career growth and performance over long term. An effective portfolio helps in optimum recruitment and helps in making the healthcare services more organised. Additionally, the importance of the professional nursing standards has also been highlighted over here. The professional nursing standard helps in making the care services more structured. Some of the nursing standards have been evaluated over here with in relation to practical scenario. Additionally, the leadership and management competencies required within a nursing professional have been further discussed over here. In this respect, working in an actual clinical scenario can help in developing the skills for contingency planning. References About Us - ACCCN - Australian College of Critical Care Nurses Ltd. (2018). Acccn.com.au. Retrieved 7 March 2018, from https://www.acccn.com.au/about-us/about-us Alexander, S. J., Stewart, L. (2016). Establishing and maintaining a professional identity: portfolios and career progression.Transitions in Nursing: Preparing for Professional Practice, 259-276. Retrieved from : https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=B_hwCgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA259dq=Alexander,+S.+J.,+%26+Stewart,+L.+(2016).+Establishing+and+maintaining+a+professional+identity:+portfolios+and+career+progression.+Transitions+in+Nursing:+Preparing+for+Professional+ Practice,+259-276.ots=N3NuyyDGn0sig=NjTLmDtlJ34UnWhKaReM5lXBqdg#v=onepageqf=false Bengtsson, M., Carlson, E. (2015). Knowledge and skills needed to improve as preceptor: development of a continuous professional development coursea qualitative study part I.BMC nursing,14(1), 51. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-015-0103-9 Danielson, C. (2011).Enhancing professional practice: A framework for teaching. ASCD, 54-71. Retrieved from : https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=s_tQBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR5dq=Danielson,+C.+(2011).+Enhancing+professional+practice:+A+framework+for+teaching.+ASCD.ots=7PhxXoh8qEsig=oahGUmqxKUjNWad6I1E49qglGjM#v=onepageqf=false Hickey, K., Rossetti, J., Oldenburg, N., Abendroth, M., Uhlken, C., Musker, K., ... Paramore, P. (2017). Moving Nursing Program Portfolio Assessment From Midterm to End of Program: Lessons Learned.Nurse educator,42(4), 172-175. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000343 Jefferies, D., McNally, S., Roberts, K., Wallace, A., Stunden, A., D'Souza, S., Glew, P. (2018). The importance of academic literacy for undergraduate nursing students and its relationship to future professional clinical practice: A systematic review.Nurse education today,60, 84-91. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2017.09.02 Kalb, K. A., O'Conner-Von, S. K., Brockway, C., Rierson, C. L., Sendelbach, S. (2015). Evidence-based teaching practice in nursing education: Faculty perspectives and practices.Nursing education perspectives,36(4), 212-219. doi: 10.5480/14-1472 Katsikitis, M., McAllister, M., Sharman, R., Raith, L., Faithfull-Byrne, A., Priaulx, R. (2013). Continuing professional development in nursing in Australia: Current awareness, practice and future directions.Contemporary nurse,45(1), 33-45. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2013.45.1.33 Laschinger, H. K. S., Fida, R. (2015). Linking nurses perceptions of patient care quality to job satisfaction: the role of authentic leadership and empowering professional practice environments.Journal of Nursing Administration,45(5), 276-283. Retrieved from: https://journals.lww.com/jonajournal/Abstract/2015/05000/Linking_Nurses__Perceptions_of_Patient_Care.9.aspx MacPhee, M., Skelton?Green, J., Bouthillette, F., Suryaprakash, N. (2012). An empowerment framework for nursing leadership development: supporting evidence.Journal of advanced nursing,68(1), 159-169. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05746.x McNamara, J. (2013). The challenge of assessing professional competence in work integrated learning.Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education,38(2), 183-197. Retrieved from : https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2011.618878 Missen, K., McKenna, L., Beauchamp, A. (2016). Registered nurses perceptions of new nursing graduates clinical competence: A systematic integrative review.Nursing health sciences,18(2), 143-153. DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12249 Oakley, G., Pegrum, M., Johnston, S. (2014). Introducing e-portfolios to pre-service teachers as tools for reflection and growth: Lessons learnt.Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education,42(1), 36-50. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2013.854860 Probst, B. (2015). The eye regards itself: Benefits and challenges of reflexivity in qualitative social work research.Social Work Research,39(1), 37-48. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svu028 Regan, S., Laschinger, H. K., Wong, C. A. (2016). The influence of empowerment, authentic leadership, and professional practice environments on nurses perceived interprofessional collaboration.Journal of nursing management,24(1), 105-214. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0000000000000407 Wilkinson, C. A. (2012). Competency assessment tools for registered nurses: an integrative review.The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 215-312. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20121101-53 Yanhua, C., Watson, R. (2011). A review of clinical competence assessment in nursing.Nurse Education Today,31(8), 832-836. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2011.05.003

Alice Munro The Shinning Houses Character Essay

Alice Munro The Shinning Houses Character Essay The Shinning Houses Alice Munro presents a protagonist whose personality and values conflict with her neighbours. The protagonist Mary is an open-minded, fair, but somewhat powerless character.Mary is an open-minded individual who understands values from both Mrs. Fullerton and the new community. She is the only character in the "Shinning Houses"  willing to "[explore Mrs. Fullerton's] life as she had once explored the lives of grandmothers and aunts,"  and the only one who buys her fresh eggs. Mary "[smiles]"  openly to everyone while her new neighbours, whose "faces [are] applied,"  "smile in rather a special way"  that they only perceive Mary "as a conversational delight."  Even at the birthday party did Mary keep a smile and listen to the new neighbours talk among themselves, going about in "circles of complaint."  Mary's own personality and values conflict with her neighbours', but she remains open to any situation she faces.Shrine to Our Lady - Mary, The Mo ther of GodMary is a fair lady, who does what she believes is right. Her name suggests religious allegory with Mary, the Mother of God, and human creation. Mary exhibits her Mother-like qualities at the birthday party, defending Mrs. Fullerton, the neighbour who "never [changes],"  against the mothers who wear "nylons and skirts," ¦[their] hair fixed and faces applied."  She knows that Mrs. Fullerton deserves a chance to stay in her home, as Mary, the Mother of God knows that all creation deserves a chance to live. Mary's fair personality conflicts with her neighbours' values and beliefs: while she is fair to human rights, the neighbours are fair to their community of "shinning houses."  Although Mary is courageous in being the only person to defend Mrs. Fullerton, she is somewhat powerless with her arguments against her neighbours. Mary stands alone only listening to her neighbours speak with "self-assertion."  She remains...

How to Use the Semicolon in Academic Writing

How to Use the Semicolon in Academic Writing How to Use the Semicolon in Academic Writing Today, friends and frenemies (we know you’re out there), we’re looking at the semicolon, including when this punctuation mark should be used in formal writing (i.e. not for making emoticons wink). We’ll also take a look at the difference between semicolons and colons. Using a Semicolon to Link Sentences The main use of the semicolon is to link two sentences. This emphasizes a connection between independent clauses that would otherwise be separated by a full stop. For instance, the following sentences work by themselves: My favorite food is spam. I spend a fortune on tinned meat. However, we could link them with a semicolon to show that they are connected: My favorite food is spam; I spend a fortune on tinned meat. This makes it obvious that my love of spam and my meat expenses are related. I also wear this outfit every day. I have a problem.(Photo: Charles LeBlanc/flickr) Linking sentences like this is common when the second sentence starts with a conjunctive adverb (e.g., â€Å"however† or â€Å"furthermore†) or a transition phrase (e.g., â€Å"as a result†): I love spam; consequently, I eat it for every meal. As above, this emphasizes the connection between the two statements. Generally speaking, you shouldn’t use a semicolon before conjunctions like â€Å"but† or â€Å"and,† although they can be used for clarity if either of the clauses being joined contains a comma. Using Semicolons in a List The second important use of semicolons is to separate items in a list. Usually, commas are enough for short, simple lists (like the following): The menu offered four choices: spam, eggs, grits or pancakes. However, if the listed items are more complex and already include commas, using semicolons to distinguish between them aids clarity: The menu offered four choices: spam, fries and beans; pancakes, syrup and spam; egg, bacon and spam; or spam, spam, spam, spam and spam. Here, for instance, using semicolons clearly shows where one item on the menu ends and another begins. Using only commas in a list like this, by comparison, could be confusing. Semicolon or Colon? Knowing when to use a semicolon and when to use a colon can be tricky, since colons can also be used to link two related sentences. There are two factors to consider here. The first is that semicolons can only be used to link complete sentences, whereas the information following a colon can be as little as a single word. For instance: There’s only one food I can’t stand: spam. If we wanted to rewrite this using a semicolon, we’d have to use two independent clauses: There’s only one food I can’t stand; I hate the taste of spam. Just Say No (to Spam) The second consideration is that the information following a colon is usually an explanation or specification of a general statement (i.e., more general: more specific). With a semicolon, however, the sentences linked are typically of equal weight or importance.

Morality subject, the rights and wrongs on Abortion on A Catholic Essay

Morality subject, the rights and wrongs on Abortion on A Catholic viewpoint - Essay Example This was the message of Cardinal Renato Martino, who was president of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. Moreover, according to Martino, the stance of Amnesty International which is to uphold human rights above specific theologies and the right of the unborn child to live may trigger opposition from the Catholic Church and various anti-abortion organizations but may actually inspire others to cut the life of the unborn child if they feel they have to. Nevertheless, regardless of people’s stance on abortion, the act is considered a moral wrong based on Catholic theology. Based on Catholic theology, abortion is wrong because of several reasons. First, according to De Marco, the immoral nature of abortion depends on â€Å"the presence of hundreds of thousands of non-Catholic individuals who actively oppose abortion, together with the existence of many anti-abortion groups who are affiliated with non-Catholic agencies and institutions†3. Although this may be logi cally a fallacious statement since it is based on the idea of the absolute and unquestionable rightness of the majority of population, the opinion still has practical value. Although practicality is not necessarily synonymous to what is morally right, it is certainly undeniable that the opinion of the majority matters for any institution, including the Catholic Church, is made up of this majority. ... Moreover, since it is not only the Catholic religion that pushes for the respect for the life of the unborn child, then these reasons for the wrongness of abortion are therefore â€Å"not peculiarly Catholic†5. It therefore reflects the sentiments of various other religions. Although it would be rather exhaustive to explain in this paper, there is basically no religion that condemns life. This mere fact therefore tells us that basically life is precious and these religions, which have been established by learned people and intellectuals, may not be that wrong. The stance of the Church itself on abortion is only implied in the Canon law but â€Å"the very fact that there have always been canonical penalties for abortion is a reflection of the Church’s position that abortion is a grave evil†6. Nevertheless, there are specific teachings of the Catholic Church against abortion. In fact, according to the Catechism of the Catholic Church #2271, â€Å"Direct abortionâ € ¦willed either as an end or a means, is gravely contrary to the moral law [and] are abominable crimes†7. It is very interesting to note the phrase â€Å"willed either as an end or a means† for it implies that even if abortion were used to save the mother’s life, just like what modern oppositionists are claiming, abortion is nevertheless a crime. It therefore does not make abortion right even if it were used as a means to save a person’s life. The Catholic Church therefore maintains that the functionality of an object or a concept cannot guarantee its spiritual value. Moreover, contrary to what science has determined, for the Catholic religion, â€Å"the exact time when the fetus becomes ‘animated’ has no practical significance

Week 2 - Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 2 - Leadership - Essay Example These are indeed some of the most admirable qualities of a leader (Musser, 2011). Qualities such as risk-taking, determination and self-awareness are necessary for all leaders. They are the core pillars that can propel them to making well-informed decisions for the entire organization. At the same time, if a leader puts the interests of his followers at heart, he can win their confidence (Avolio, Sosik, Jung & Berson, 2003). Thins, can in turn, be a better way of restoring the confidence of the followers and motivating them to dedicate their time for the service of the organization. In conclusion, the effective application of charismatic leadership style has enabled me to rank it as the most effective leadership style. It has made leaders to win a lot of support, respect and following. Such a support plays a very significant role in assisting the organization to prosper. Transformational leadership simply implies to a leadership style where the leader is given the responsibility of identifying the required change within the organization and coordinating and organizing his followers to execute it. As a matter of fact, change is a necessary thing for any organization. It is the best way through which improvements can be made as the organization seeks to accomplish its short and long-term goals (Gupta, 2004). For a leader to be transformative, they should be ready to understand themselves, their followers and the environment within which they operate. This can grant them an opportunity to come up with ideas that can positively transform the organization. Actually, transformational leadership has greatly contributed towards the success of Public Safety. As a profession, Public Safety is a sensitive area that requires team play and cooperation. With the application of transformational leadership style, leaders have managed to use their transformative traits to inspire workers, motivate them and challenge them to dedicate their time in

Sources Of Finance And Impact On Financial Statements Finance Essay

Sources Of Finance And Impact On Financial Statements Finance Essay This brief report highlights the financial performance of the Trevors PLC using ration analysis and decisions on new projects that the company is going to be invested. Firstly it will focus on the financial statements of a company and the formats of financial statements. Secondly ration analysis performs on the basis of the information given about Trevors Plc. This explains under the main headings of Profitability, asset efficiency, liquidity, working capital management, solvency and Investors ratios. In addition to that it discusses the insufficient information to raise accurate comments on ratio analysis. Thirdly the emphasis will be given to the results obtained from net present value and Payback period calculations. Fourthly it identifies sources of finance. It involves details analysis of each financing methods and tax, ownership and controlling implication of each source. Finally the attention will be given towards the importance of financial planning and information need of the decision makers. Recommendation and conclusion of this report included in the latter part of this report. Financial statements Financial statements form a basis for understanding the financial performance, position and liquidity of a firm. As per the IAS Financial statement refers to, Balance sheet Income statement Statement of changes in equity Cash flow statement Accounting policies and notes An annual report includes following in general, Financial statements Auditors report 05 year summary of key financial data Stock prices(High or low) Management discussion and analysis Financial statements give good direction to achieve the objectives of a user. Fr example a lender to a firm in deciding whether or not to lend may refer to the cash flow statement. Financial health of a firm could be better understood by means of cash flow statement. Therefore this information collection can be viewed as a map, which provides a good direction. Often financial statements contain a large amount of information. Further the accounting policies, reporting environment, accounting practices are complex and constancy changing. The man can hide or omit key information, create the picture they require. Though the accounting standard limits variability, still financial reporting in different firms and industries has considerable deviations. The balance sheet is the snap shot of the firm. It is a convenient means of organizing and summarizing what a firm owns and what firm owes and the difference between the two at a given time (Equity). The structure of assets for a firm reflects line of business that the firm is in and also marginal decisions about how much cash and inventory to have and about credit policy, fixed assets acquisition and so on. Income statement measures a performance over some period of time, usually a quarter, or year. If you think balance sheet as a snap shot, then you can think of the income statement as a video recording covering the period between a before and an after picture. Information about the cash flows of an enterprise is useful in providing users of financial statements with a basis to assess the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the enterprise to utilize those cash flows. The economic decisions that are taken by users require an evaluation of the ability of an enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and the timing and certainty of their generation. A cash flow statement, when used in conjunction with the rest of the financial statements, provides information that enables users to evaluate the changes in net assets of an enterprise, its financial structure (including its liquidity and solvency) and its ability to affect the amounts and timing of cash flows in order to adapt to changing circumstances and opportunities. Cash flow information is useful in assessing the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and enables users to develop models to assess and compare the present value of the future cash flows of different enterprises. It also enhances the comparability of the reporting of operating performance by different enterprises because it eliminates the effects of using different accounting treatments for the same transactions and events. As discussed in above lenders can evaluates the secure of their lending using g the information reflects on the cash flow statement. On the basis of that, if a companys cash flow statement reflects the well management of their cash and cash equitant that company is in position to raise fund easily from external sources. Various tools can be used in financial analysis. The derivative financial statements, (Cash flow statement, fond flow statement) Common size financial statement (Common size balance sheet and common size income statement), trend statement and Financial ratio analysis are the most commonly used tolls in financial analysis. These can be used as techniques of analyzing financial information for a more meaningful understanding of the financial position and performance of a firm. Formats of financial statements There are three basic forms of business organizations. Sole proprietorship, Partnership and limited liability companies. Sole proprietorship is a business form for which there is one owner, in a partnership two or more individuals act as owners and a limited liability company is a separate legal entity from its owners. When shares of a public limited company are listed, the company is known as quoted company, whose financial statements publication is compulsory. Therefore the annual reports of quoted companies are a major source of financial information. However most of the time, the financial information of sole proprietorships, partnerships and private limited liability companies are not readily publically available as there are no volunteers in financial statements publication. Tryor Plc presented their financial statements in accordance with the IASS since it get affects from legal requirements such as listing rules governed in the stock exchange. The main reason is the Tryor Plcs shared are listed on the stack exchange. Ratio Analysis Financial performance of the company can explain using a variety of measures. In particular, in this report, principally discuss the Trevors results by using ratio analysis. Ratio analysis can be regarded as a technique used in the financial statement analysis. It gives an insight in to the performance of an enterprise. Ratios could primarily be divided in to following areas: Profitability Asset Efficiency Liquidity Working Capital Management Gearing/ Leverage Investors Ratio Profitability This ratio reveals the efficiency of a business in terms of profitability and Assets utilization. Gross profit ratio of the company is recorded as 28.95%. This ratio is said to be favorable but in order to make accurate comment this has to be compared with the last year figures or industry averages. Net profit ratio of Trevors is 6.37%. Net profit ratio is also said to be favorable to the company since company earning profits from their operations. Trevor Plc was able to achieve significant turnover for the period. In addition to that management of the company was able to manage their cost of operations efficiently. However accurate comment on both rations will depend on the results of the last years and industry averages. (Refer Appendix 01 Profitability ratios) Asset Efficiency It assesses the efficiency of the company in terms of assets utilization. It is concerned on the areas of utilization of fixed assets and working capital. The detail analysis these ratios will reveal whether there are any idle assets or underutilized assets. Assets turnover is recorded at 0.73 (Refer Appendix 01 Asset efficiency ratio). This ratio indicates the  £1 of assets generates  £ 2.38 sales to the company. Therefore available information for the company is not sufficient since it has to be compared with industry averages or past years results. Liquidity This ratio assesses the liquidity position of the company. Liquidity is the amount of cash a company can put its hand to settle its debt and possibility to meet other unforeseen demands for cash payments too. A company can obtain liquid assets other the sales such as issue of shares for cash new loan or the sale of long term assets. But a company cannot rely on these at all times, and in general obtaining liquid funds depends on making sales and profits. Companys Current ratio is 2.16. Further Quick assets ratio is recorded as 1.50. (Refer Appendix 01). In theoretical view these two ratios are expected to be within a given range of 2:1 and 1:1 respectively. Trevors current ratio and quick assets ratio are lie within that given range. As a result of that companys liquidity position is held at good position. Therefore management of the company has to adopt on current strategies to continue this position in future also. However these ratios also compared with last year results or industry averages to raise an accurate comment on liquidity position of the company. Working Capital Management This assesses the efficiency of the working capital management of the company. Finished goods turnover ratio is recorded as 12 times. (Refer Appendix 01) Further this led to finished goods residence period to 30 days. In addition to that Creditors turnover ratio of the Trevors PLC is recorded as 8 times. Further company creditors period from suppliers is 45 days. Factors such as stock policies, policies on credit period allowed to debtors and those obtained from suppliers helps to determine the working capital management of the company. Comment on those rations cannot be raised due to unavailability of information. However Company would concentrate on increasing the rapidity of cash cycle, because each cycle can enhance the profitability of the company. Solvency Gearing ratios are concerned with a companys long term stability. How much the company owes in relation its size, whether its getting in to heavier debt or improving situation, and weather its debt burden seems heavy or light. Debt to equity ratio recorded as 3.94. It means  £ 01 of equity carries  £ 3.94 of debt. (Refer Appendix 01 gearing ratio) By just seeing the ratio its fair to say that Trevors uses significant amount of debt and can be identified as a geared company. Debt generally carries a fixed rate of interest; hence there is a given amount to be paid out from profits to holders of debt before arriving at residue available for distribution to the holders of the equity. The highly gearing situation creates greater risk to the equity holders. This means that there will be a grater volatility of amounts available for ordinary shareholders and presumably therefore greater volatility in dividends paid to share holders. Dividend payment in year 2009 is  £ 50,000. Investors ratio These ratios are considered to be external ratios and are used in evaluating the stability and investment potential of a company. Basic Earnings per share of the Trevor Plc was  £2.03 in 2009, reflecting the profitability in 2009. (Refer Appendix 01 Investors ratio). Trevors Plc can be considered as a well performing company in the industry since company maintains favorable investors ratios attracting potential investors. However this comment will not be accurate due to unavailability of comparison information about the past results of the company or the industry averages. Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Pay Back Period NPV =  £ 484,750.89 (Refer Appendix 02) Discounted Pay Back Period = 02 years and Nine Months (Refer Appendix 02) This project gives positive NPV of  £ 484,750.89. Further this project enables to recover its initial investment with in the period of 02 years Nine months. In order to make a decision based on the discounted payback period it has to be compared with target payback period. However project recovers its cost during its life time. Meanwhile positive NPV value gives a favorable indication that project is worthwhile. Therefore according the calculation its profitable to accept the project. Sources of Financing Term Loans Higher Purchases Debentures Venture Capital Leases Offer for sales Right Issue Tax Impact, Control and Ownership of Sources of finance Term Loans, Higher purchases, Debentures, Leases and venture capital can be identified as the debt financing methods. In the case of term loans, higher purchases, debentures and leases, existing ownership of the company may not be diluted. Voting rights to Control the company lies with the equity holders even though the company raise finance through above mentioned sources. Interest payments on debentures and term loans are tax deductible and debt holders do not have any controlling power in the company. However in the case of venture capital there is a risk associates with controlling power of the company, since controlling and planning of the business will be held in the newly acquired management. Rising of equity financing is much easier for a public company whose shares are traded on a stock exchange then its for a private company. Offer for sales and right issue can be identified as sources of Equity financing. Right issues are cheaper than offer for sales to the general public since it does not require the prospectus and less cost of underwriting. Right issues are more beneficial to existing shares holders than new shareholders. New shares are issued at discount to the current market price to the existing shareholders. In the case of right issues controlling power and ownership of the existing shareholders may not be diluted. However offer sales will lead to dilute the controlling power of the existing share holders. Dividend payments to existing shareholders and new shareholders are not tax deductible. Term Loans Long term loans are available from lending institutions and the commercial banks. It can be obtained to cover specific projects for restructuring as well as for equipment financing. Term loans are granted mainly on the strengths of cash generation of the project. This type of term loan facilitates grace period and easy repayment schedule at the early stage of projects operations. High purchases This is defined as procedure of purchasing goods under which the purchaser pays a deposit on the receipt of the goods followed by a number of installments until the debt is cleared. The goods do not become the property of the purchaser until the last installment has been paid. Debentures Debenture is direct from of borrowing by a company from the investors. In this case the interest rate and maturity period are fixed. The company is not required to pay the value of the debt before maturity although in some instances companies may prefer to redeem them before maturity by buying them back in the market. Venture Capital It refers to participation by way of equality or co- financing through long term convertible debt in business. Venture capital means risk capital. This type of capital is sought to assisting product development, market research and acquisition of plant and equipment. Risk associates with this are venture capital involves control of management and planning of the business. Leases Its a form of lending which enables a firm to use an asset without owing it. The owner of the assets grants another party the right to use the asset usually for a specific period in return of a series of specific rental payments. The risk is that lessee is not the owner of the asset for which he cannot claim capital allowances. Offer for sale Offer for sales is method of issuing shares to the public, which have already been bought by an investor as a block. Therefore its not considered as a primary issue but a secondary sale. A financial institution buys blocks of shares usually when the companies are formed and offer to the public at a later date. Right Issue Is a new issue of shares but subscription is limited to existing shareholders. Companies in need of additional capital usually go right issue unless the funds requirement is very large. The issue price will be determined usually at a level lower than the market price. Cost of sources of finance and impact on financial statements (FS) Capital structure decision is very significant since the question arises where her there is an optimal mix of capital and debt which a c company should try to achieve. If company is looking for obtaining debt Capital Company should earn enough profits to cover its interest charges before anything is available for equity. On the other hand if borrowed funds are invested in projects which provides return in excess of cost of debt capital, then the shareholders will enjoy the increased return on their equity. General cost of debt of each source as discussed in above is greater than the cost of equity financing. However tax savings can be enjoyed by the company in the cash of interest payments on debt financing. In the case of issuing shares to the public company has to incur considerable amount of expenses which are not tax deductible. As far as companies are concerned debt capital is potentially attractive sources of finance because interest charges reduce the profits chargeable only t o corporate tax. Shares can be issued to the public for the company whose shares are traded on the stock exchanges. In such case financial statements has to be complied with the IASs, listing rules and other regulations governing under the various institutions. Further format of financial statements for those companies are predetermined. But any company can obtain debt financing. In such case if the company is a quoted company, it has to be disclosed the financing sources and their cost and interest payments made during the period. Best method of raising funds Initial investment of  £ 1 m for the new project can e obtained from the term loan as a source of debt finance. Term loan has been selected to finance this project since this type of a loan can be easily obtained by Trevor PLC. Its quoted public company and this loan is obtained as the project oriented loan. Companys controlling power and the ownership of the existing shareholders will not be diluted. This is a main advantage to the company. In addition to that company does not have to incur any issue cost on issuing shares or debentures to the public. Company should have to incur only the interest payment on the borrowed amount of  £ 1m. Further interest payment on such loans is tax deductible and company can enjoy some tax savings. Debt holders do not have any controlling power on the entity. Anyhow company liable to pay interest whether company earn profit or incur loss. But this method is very suitable since this project generates a positioned net present value. In addition to the above this type of a loan repayment is geared to the specific needs of the project and may include a grace period before repayments commence and easier repayment schedule at the early stages of projects operations. Depending on the nature of the cash flow patterns firms are sometime allowed to capitalize the interest during the start up period. Financial Planning Finance for a business is provided either by owners or creditors. Finance is categorized by their maturity periods as short term and long term. Short term funds have maturity of on e year or less while long term funds have maturity of more than on e year. Therefore financial planning is very important for a finance manger since he has to match cash inflows from assets with the assets sources of financing. As such medium and long tem fiancà © investment in an enterprise should be financed from a medium and long term source. Investment in fixed assets such as land and buildings, plant and equipment generates benefits during their effective economic life. Therefore fund s locked in these assets will be repaid over a longer period. Thus long term assets should not be financed through short term sources. Therefore financial planning is significant without which company may incur heavy losses or possibility to go for bankruptcy. Information Needs of decision makers Piece of Information about any company is very essential to the stake holders who are interested in that company. Different stakeholders see the organizations from different angels. As such existing shares holders likes very much about the sales, gross profits, expenses incurred and profits earned during the period and any dividend payments. Potential investors are interested about the current earnings per share and new investments that the company is going to be implemented. Employees keen about the bonus payments, incentives, series and wages and potential survival of the company to ensure their job security. Government regulators are looking for information about profits and business operation to collect tax payments and other duties imposing on the nature of the business. As such different king of information about the company serves the stakeholders to make decisions which maximize their value. Unit Cost and Profit Margin As per the calculation (Refer Appendix 03) unit cost of a toy is recorded as  £ 19.68. Whereas profit margin of a toy (Refer appendix 03) is equal to the  £ 0.7179 in accordance with calculation. Recommendation Conclusion It is recommended Trevors Plc to undertake the new project of manufacturing and selling brand new toys since it generates positive net present value. Its fair to say the Trevors Plc perform their operations well. However accurate comments on ratio analysis cannot be raised since unavailability of comparison information about the past results of the Trevors PLC and industry averages.

The clinical career path for nurse Essay

Introduction A ‘Nurse Practitioner’ (NP) has been defined as â€Å"a registered nurse with the capability to practice autonomously and collaboratively with other health professions† (Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine p. 2010). NPs must complete a , Master’s degree in education, as approved by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (Australian Nursing Federation 2011). [you need to signal that you are going to review the history and development of NPs] The role of a NP is to provide cost effective care and safe accessible treatment and to improve of health care and patient outcomes (Australian College of Nurse Practitioners, 2012).[I’ve moved this text to the start of your introduction] An overview of the development of the role of NPs is as follows. [you can use your own words but you need a signal here!] In October 1990, the first NP committee convened in New South Wales (Australian College of Nurse Practitioners,2012) and this committee contributed to the establishment of f the NP role in Australia in1 2001 (Australian College of Nurse Practitioners 2012; Taylor 2007). In the United States and England the role has been in existence since the 1960s (N3ET2 2006 p. 1). Since 2001 (?), NPs have been slowly spreading all over Australia (Driscoll et al. 2005, p. 141) and the role now exists in all states and territories (Australian College of Nurse Practitioner s, 2012). Diverse skills, experience and qualifications are all vital components in meeting the clinical requirements to be endorsed as a NP by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2011). For example [give some examples to elaborate on this sentence Chauvy.] These nurses have advanced and extended roles compared to other registered nurses, particularly within the endorsed areas of their scope of practice (Australian Nursing Federation 2011; Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia 2011). To illustrate †¦ [elaborate a bit on these roles, endorsed areas, different scopes of practice here.] Despite the contribution made by NPs, barriers exist in Australia which prevent these nurses from providing the full care for which are trained (Taylor 2007). Some of these obstacles include the limited access to a provider number,; the restricted right to prescribe (find a better reference please!!!) and to write referrals (Driscoll et al. 2005, p. 141). [Chauvy, don’t forget the opposition of the AMA as we discussed!] This essay will review the growing clinical career pathway of NPs, the autonomy and limitation within the scope of practice experienced, and will provide an overview of the benefits NPs bring to the health system in Australia. Clinical Career Path In order to qualify as a NP, the applicant needs to meet the requirements issued by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (2011), as specified in the ‘Guidelines on endorsements as a nurse practitioner’ (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia 2011). These requirements are as follows: Firstly, the applicant must already be a ‘registered nurse’ (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia 2011) and must not have any record of unsatisfactory professional performance or unprofessional conduct (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia 2011). Secondly, the applicant must have three years or equivalent experience in advanced practice. These three years or equivalent experience must be acquired within six years from lodging the application (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia 2011). Lastly, the applicant must have completed the study of ANMAC [explain] accredited and Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (2011) approved NP program at Masters Level. The Heath Practitioner Act 2009 only permits the use of the protected title ‘NP’ by those meeting all of the above requirements (Australian Nursing Federation 2011). After complete the Master’s degree, some health authorities provide internships in Victoria. For example, Wintle, Newsome and Livingston (2011) report that Eastern Health provides such internships, and these assist NPs  in meeting the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia national competencies. The focus is of these competencies is to ensure the development of clinical assessments; diagnostic skills; knowledge of pharmacology; analysis of medical treatment, medication management and clinical leadership – all of which assist in the preparation for endorsement as an NP3. However, recent research suggests that the endorsement process remains problematic and is not consistent across different jurisdictions in Australia. Harvey et al (2011, p.247-8) recommend that the process for becoming a NP in Australia should change, due to the difficulties of endorsement existing in different jurisdictions. The findings of this study demonstrate that different state-based regulatory policies throughout the Australian workforce affect the employment of r NPs (Harvey et al 2011, p.247-8). For example, in Victoria, along with ‘the guidelines of endorsement for a nurse practitioner’ (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia 2011 – do you need to repeat this ref?), the NPs who wish to prescribe medications must apply for the ‘Explanatory Statement: Nurse Practitioner Category Notion (Victoria) and have that registered against the name (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia 2010). In contrast, NPs in NSW †¦ (you want to give an example to show how states differ – pick another state and show how prescribing rights vary from one to another to complete the point you are making her e.) It should be acknowledged that the Australian public are often confused about the difference between a NP and a registered nurse (RN). One distinction between a NP and a RN is in the different levels in education. The RN would be qualified in a Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing (Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine, 2010), however the NP must also receive not only a Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing but the extended study in a Master’s Degree (Australian Nursing Federation 2006). The second difference is the level of autonomy enjoyed by NPs relative to RNs. This autonomy enables the NP to initiate treatment without the supervision of the medical practitioner, whereas the RN is under the supervision of a GP at all times (Australian Nursing Federation 2006). However, there are also some similarities among the two health professionals;both are eligible to initiate medical surgical routes and do basic nursing assessments (Oxford Reference Concise 1994,  Australian Nursing F ederation 2006). Scope of Practice The scope of practice (SoP) is the legislative framework which indicates the area of jurisdictions that the NP must work within (Baker, N 2010 p 211). NPs have a wider SoP than RNs (ANF). They can call upon the extended skills and knowledge, interpret test results and scans, perform consultations, content assessments and undertake on planning and research diagnosis (ANF). Any presentation that is out of the jurisdictions of the SoP, the NP must seek assistance of a medical practitioner (Heaps and bounds).The SoP of a NP varies across all health areas (Baker 2010 p) for example; a NP trained in emergency department (ED) as an emergency nurse practitioner (ENP) will have a different SoP to a NP trained in the mental department as a mental nurse practitioner (MNP). To illustrate this further, the study by Lowe (2010 p) demonstrates the current SoP of an ENP at the Alfred Emergency and Trauma Centre (AETC) located in Melbourne. The AETC have established the SoP for ENPs around the model of care (MOC) (Lowe 2010 p) that was based upon the Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) cited in the Alfred Health website (2012). The areas in the SoP involve prescribing medications, ordering tests, diagnosing results and admitting and discharging patients (Lowe 2010 p). The assessment of minor injuries or illnesses and initiation of treatments are also part of the ENP’s SoP (Lowe 2010 p). Lastly required at the AETC the ENP must also attend educational classes with other ED medical staff, and further additional classes that will identify the gaps between the ENP’s skill and knowledge and own professional development (Lowe 2010 p80). In comparison, Fry’s research (2011, p58) indicated that the NP in the critical care department (CCD) have separated areas which are adult, paediatric and neonate, however all three areas can fall under the same SoP. The SoP (Fry 2011, p64) involves around direct patient assessments, research of the injury or illness, complex monitoring and therapies of high intensity interventions and care focused by highly acute technology (Association of critical care 2011 p12). NPs in the CCD also follow up with post-intensive care discharge, intensive care retrieval and transfers, and follow up on  outpatient care (Fry 2011, p64). There are times a NP trained in certain an area such as a MNP, can work in a different health department for example ED. A case study by Baker (2010) based in Victoria shows a MNP working in the ED as part of a team, the Youth Early Psychosis (YEP). Bakers (2010) article shows that working as a MNP in the ED in a YEP team can work autonomy to appropriate areas. The SoP involves the combination of a NP working in the MD and ED, in this mostly around the SoP of a MNP; however it is also required for the MNP to obtain an extension of practice within the ED (Baker 2010 p 212). The additional roles within the ED include ‘fast tracking patients’ and attending to other medical concerns (Baker 2010 p 212). The MNP working within the YEP can prescribe a limited range of medication in the duration of seven days, supervise and monitor the progression of the medication, initiate other therapeutic skills and test and take further action towards the patient (Baker 2010 p). The Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) became accessible, albeit in a limited way to NPs on 1 November 2010, were governed by the Health Legislation Amendment ACT 2010 (Medicare Australia 2011). Objections to the NP role have been voiced by the AMA(cited in Taylor 2007, p 20) on the grounds that NPs â€Å"†¦are not adequately educated and trained in areas such as ordering pathology and diagnostic tests, making medical diagnoses, prescribing medications, referring patients to specialist and having hospital privileges†. Furthermore the PBS has constricted the prescribing rights to the NPs’ SoP in the designated state and territory (PBS). In contrast, this is a major progression in the development on expanding the SoP compared to 2008 where the Health Legislation was yet to pass (reference PBS). Dr Phillip Della (cited in Taylor 2007) supported the availability of the MBS and PBS during this time, to provide safe and quality patient care across all access and addition to realising the NPs’ full potential used to improve Australia’s health. Medicare Australia (2011) reports that only NPs working in a private practice  may obtain access to the MBS services, which refer patients to specific specialists and request of some pathology and diagnostic items. easons stated in the Department of Health WA (2011 p. 16), that under the Health Insurance Act 1973 (cited in Department of Health WA, 2011 p. 16), that NPs (or other health professionals) with pre-existing funding arrangements with the governing bodies of the Commonwealth, state or local will not be rebated by Medicare. This is because NPs working in the public sector are to provide a ‘public hospital service’, thus cannot charge a fee for treatment or care initiated to public patients (Department of Health WA, 2011 p. 16). A ‘public hospital service’ is funded by the governing body to a public patient (Department of Health WA, 2011 p.16), and therefore MBS services are only allocated to NPs in the private sectors because patients are being charged. According to the Health Department SA (2011) fact sheet, NPs working in the private sector would be required to obtain a provider number to access to the MBS. NPs working in the public sector would use the provider number of the public hospital. Provider numbers are obtained through the Department of Health and Ageing in the Australia Government (2011). A final requirement to access the MBS, are that NPs must have professional indemnity insurance (Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing 2011) which can be obtain through the Australian Nursing Federation (2012). Though the initiation of the PBS (2010) was enabled for the authorised NPs to prescribe medications under the state and territory legislation, prescribing is still limited due to the SoP of the NP and state and territory rights. Medications are listed for NPs to identified which medicines are available to prescribe are located on the PBS website (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2011). NPs can also prescribe when they have a collaborative arrangement with the general practitioner (GP) under certain conditions, this usually occurs when the patient is living in a rural or remote area (Department of Health and Ageing WA, 2011, p). The collaborative arrangement occurs in two forms continuing therapy only (CTO) model and shared care model (SCM) is shown in the Department of Health and Ageing WA (2011 p). The CTO model is when the GP has already initiated the treatment and prescription for the patient and then is continued by the NP  (Australian Government 2011). The SCM is formalised agreement between both NP and GP planned to managed the treatment of the patient (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing 2011). Value According to the ANF (2011) and ACNP (2012) the role of the NPs is to provide cost effective care, provide patients in rural and remote areas treatment, improve waiting times, faster access to treatment and provide a mentorship and clinical expertise to other health professional. The framework utilized by the Department of Human Services Victoria(2000) recommends various ways in which NPs can assist in improving existing health services and patient flow in Australia (Wintle, Newsome & Livingston 2011). To illustrate, in the emergency department(ED) based in Sunshine Hospital in Melbourne, there has been a shortage of doctors working on site especially after hours (Webster-Brain 2011 p). In 2004 a project developed by the Department of Human Services Victoria (cited in Webster-Brain 2011 p) provided the hospital funding to introduce the role of NP. Webster-Brain (2011 p) suggested that the NP was deemed to be trained in the management of minor presentations, for example minor injuries, infections, complaints and symptoms of miscarriages. The benefit of NPs being available at the ED is that action can be taken immediately and effectively (Webster-Brain 2011 p). The NP provides support in counselling to those whom just experienced a miscarriage, also to educate the emotional impact on the medical and nursing staff (Webster-Brain 2011 p). This area noted in Gabrial et al (2005) that even at early pregnancy loss, practitioners need to be aware at any inappropriate or insensitive responses may cause more grief or trauma towards the patient. Thus this issue can be assisted by the NP through sensitive and supplementary counselling. According to Webster-Brain (2011 p) the successful collaborations between the medical staff, emergency physicians and NPs in the ED, resolved the problem in the lack of services and staff. A survey was conducted by Scully (2006 p) which reviewed the contributions of NPs model care on the patients at Sunshine Hospital. The findings had patients responding positively towards the NPs service and care, thus resulted in the permanent implementation of the NP position at  Sunshine Hospital (Scully 2006, p). There has been some opposition to the expansion of the role of the NP, notably from the Australian Medical Association (AMA) (cited in Taylor 2007, p). The AMA (cited in Taylor, p) does not believe that NPs are adequately trained to prescribe medication and order diagnostic tests, therefore they support limited access to MBS and PBS. Another concern from the AMA are that the role of a medical practitioner may one day be substituted by the growing occupation of NPs (Weiland et al ). They have announced that NPs â€Å"cannot and should not replace the expertise and care provided by general practitioners.† (AMA 1994). However NPs were originally developed in the United States to provide care and utilising treatment in cases of patients in rural and remote health where a medical practitioner cannot be able to attend to (Distoll et al p). Case studies in Australia, which addressed welfare shortages in other suburbs with growing population, have proven positive (Scully 2006 p). Sunshine Hospital in Melbourne utilised the NPs to resolving the outnumbered medical practitioners and staff (Webster-Brain 2011 p), that resulted to the permanent position of the NP role is one example. In this case the AMA (cited in Taylor 2007 p.) had agreed that the shortage of medical practitioners are undeniable and is an issue. In a solution, the AMA (cited in Taylor 2007 p.) have reopposed that Australia should utilise the treatment and care provided by the NP in such areas, however with the consultation of a medical practitioner, whom carries the ultimate clinical responsibility. The awareness of the general public about the role of NPs is limited of this stage. There is limited awareness about the position of NPs in the Australian public (Taylor 2011 p). Professor Glenn (cited in Taylor 2007 p.) argue that the â€Å"State government needs to educate the public about nurse practitioners and how anyone on a waiting lists for category three or four could be receiving care from a health professional. The public would be appalled if they knew how ready nurse practitioners are to provide health services but are restricted by bad policy.† Taylor, M (2007) recommends that those have and are interested in the position of a NP should consider addressing barriers that requires action. Promoting Australia’s public  awareness, utilising and justifying the role of a NP and involved politically to support change are a few of many factors that may alter the restriction to NPs (Taylor 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, Australia is still fairly new as a country towards role of a NP, which has been around internationally for much longer (Distroll et al 2005 p141). The NP has a higher education level at the Master’s Level which can perform specific areas within their scope of practice (Australian Nursing Federation 2006), to help out in different areas of aspects in Australia’s health system (Baker 2010 p). The process of obtaining the title and position of a ‘NP’ is based the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (2011), however was indicated by Harvey et al (2011 p2478) that complications have raised difficulties through the endorsement in different state. The Australian health systems are still in the progress of trial and error with developing and broadening of the SoP of a NP. The accessibility of the MBS and PBS by the legislation has proven to be a great step despite controversies from the AMA (cited in Taylor). Finally the value of NP have been evaluated and have successfully implemented on the Australian health system improving waiting times for patients, assist the workload for medical practitioners, and mentor and enhance communication between patient and medical staff (Webster-Brain 2011 p). References Department of Human Services Victoria (2004) (Webster-Brain 2011). Gabrial et al (2005) Scully (2006)