Demonstrate how management structures are influenced by the size of a Essay

Demonstrate how management structures are influenced by the size of a company and the technology it employs, and how control procedures are an important corollary of management delegation - Essay Example Tesco PLC has core values which tend to emphasize on self-respect as well as respect for others and also praises for hard work. The company conducts performance self assessment, 360 degree feedback system as well as an appraisal system so as to recognize individual employees contributions and importance to the company. Through all these activities, the management and the board are much determined to celebrate the employee’s performances. 8 Tesco PLC provides and promotes group and team working at various levels in the company. The Company’s steering wheel recognizes the social needs of the workers and thus it assesses individual and group work and also enables and allows staff to work as teams in the stores. Working environment and conditions are effective as well as home-from-home ethos is encouraged and this encourages long and better service. The company also generates a feeling of acceptance and belonging by providing and reinforcing dynamics of teamwork through encouraging and organizing social events. 9 Tesco PLC provides job security in terms of formal contracts of employment as well as permanent and pensionable job opportunities. All employees are entitled to pensions at old age and also sickness schemes as well as the option to be a member of a union which gives people a sense of belonging. In addition to all these, Tesco ensures health and safety for staff in the work place. For instance, staff should wear protective coverage such as helmets, dust coats, reflectors and boots when working in the stores. The managers provide safe and hygienic work environment as well as freedom from threats. 9 This is one of the most considered needs by Tesco PLC. The company provides regular monthly pay to employees without delays as well as essential facilities such as lockers for their personal belongings. The company also provides enough tea and lunch breaks as well as paying employees

Complications of Post Angioplasty Bleeding

Complications of Post Angioplasty Bleeding Introduction This paper is aiming to identified the potential complication of post angioplasty bleeding and abrupt closure of coronary artery base on the case of Elizabeth Green from caseworld and explore the issue in depth and widen horizon. Relevant nursing decisions and recommendations of post angioplasty care will be provided and discussed which is based on clinical guideline of the University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinic(UMHC). This article is structured into three aspects which are indications of the percutaneous coronary angioplasty and Mrs Green’s data, evidence-supported nursing interventions for bleeding prevention and evaluation of the interventions regarding to ANMC competency elements. The determine progress of individual plan and quality improvement of unique care will be presented. Indication of the percutaneous coronary angioplasty and Mrs Green’s case data Apart from a very small percentage of individuals who has difficulties to pass the guide wire or the balloon catheter through the narrow artery, 90%-95% of patients can be effectively relieved from coronary arterial obstruction after the percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty is a non surgical treatment offered to patient with coronary artery disease, the major aim of this procedure is to increase the arterial lumen size and allow greater blood flow. A ballon tipped catheter is used to split and reshape the atheromatous material, pushing it to the artery wall therefore more blood can be transferred through the particular artery. Abrupt closure of the dilated coronary artery and bleeding are two uncommon but possible complications for Elizabeth Green within the very first few hours post angioplasty. The cause of abrupt closure varies, it can be due to combination of dissection of the inner lining of artery , thrombosis and spasm at the balloon site. As to assist in preventing thrombosis formulation during or post percutaneous coronary intervention, oral anticoagulant medication including aspirin will be administered to avoid platelets from adhering the artery wall and stimulating blood clotting. To further prevent blood clotting, intravenous heparin or synthetic analogues of heparin molecule can be given to the patients. The anticoagulant drugs can help reduce the risk of abrupt closure however can contribute to increasing risk of post angioplasty bleeding. Giving the fact that Mrs Green’s gender, age, past history of unstable angina and episode of heart attacks make her at high risk for bleeding or bruise on the puncture site. The femoral sheath is funnel-shaped and consist of femoral artery, femoral vein and lymphatic, If there is a bleeding in the femoral sheath, it can spread to the abdominal wall follow the wall of the sheath. There will form a continuation of the transversalis fascia and the femoral sheath can directly connect to the anterior abdominal wall. Differ from bleeding to abdominal wall there is another kind of post angioplasty bleeding named rectus sheath hematoma (RSH). The damage or tear to the superior or inferior epigastric arteries can result in bleeding into the rectus sheath. In many case of major bleeding,RSH can also lead to other complication including multiorgan dysfunction and abdominal compartment syndrome Even the fact that RSH has not been detected post a PTA procedure, when patient present episode of acute abdominal pain, RSH can be considered as a differential diagnosis. evidence-supported nursing interventions for bleeding prevention Following Angioplasty After the procedure, pressure is required to apply on the site for about 5-10mintues in order to close off the insertion holes in the arteries. Patient will be positioned to lie on their back with gauze dressing taped to the site for 4-6 hours. 4-6 hour is proper for normal blood clotting seals the hole in the artery. On the other hand, patient need to be assessed for recurring chest pain which indicate the procedure artery is re-closed, bleeding at the groin site and symptoms of dye-induced kidney damage. Guideline for the nursing care of a patient after percutaneous coronary angioplasty The word ‘guideline’ is chosen rather than ‘standard’ is because clarify of term help in avoiding potential legal consequence. Literature has shown that, in a malpractice suit, standards may be used by plaintiff against hospital. Standards could be misconstrued for inappropriate purpose. In real case, if a patient is required a nurse to monitor observation every 15minutes in the first hour post angioplasty, legally the nursing staff can be charged for not implement the standard, even the nurse is considering patients’ urgent priorities. The term guidelines means those strategies are for quality improving and goals promoting for patient care. Nurse can remain independent nursing decision depend on patient’s individual circumstance. Nursing intervention for caring post angioplasty patient 1.Vital signs should be monitored and documented every 15 minutes in the first hour post procedure then every 30 minutes for 2 hours, every hour for 4 hours then 4 hourly observation.Do not use automatic blood pressure cuff. 2. While doing each of vital signs, assess patient femoral site, symptoms of oozing , swelling and increasing pain show signs of hematoma. Especially when patient is coughing, sneezing, vomiting and flexing position on bed etc, there is a high risk of bleeding. 3. If necessary or ordered, exam and monitor patient’s coagulation test result and hemoglobin studies, usually it is done every 4-6 hours. 4 Follow prescribed regimen to perform anticoagulation therapy (goal is to have partial thromboplastin time 50-100) 5 Put a blanket over patient’s extremity and tuck the end under mattress so patient’s groin site can be immobilize however pressure area like ankle and heel should be protected by putting towels under 6 Movement of the patient need to be minimized. Only move the patient bed to bed once. Avoid weighting patient unless ordered by fellow. When patient need to toilet, use bedpan and turn patient away from the procedure site same with lying on the bed always preferred on the side away from procedure site. If the patient need to change position, educate patient to ask for assistance 7 Procedure site need to remain straight at the hips through out the process Educate patient not to extend and bend their limb. 8 Educate patient to cover their groin site when they coughs and sneezes. 9 Check patient medication history if he is on anticoagulant and provide assessment to the fellow for considerations. 10 Do not perform unnecessary venipunctures or intravenous insertions ,intramuscular and subcutaneous injection only if the coagulation value is normal. Instruct the patient on all the above precautions and cares 11 When patient present bleeding, hold pressure on arterial venous puncture site as longer as the bleeding seems to stop usually take 20 minutes or more. Avoid using sandbag or pressure dressing unless ordered by physician. 12 Report and contact intern for any presenting bleeding or potential bleeding. . The PTCA fellow should be notified by the intern 13 Maintain transparent dressing to site at all times. In patient’s discharge planning, health provider need to provide education pack of self-care of angioplasty and long-term care for coronary disease, these contribute in of complication of angioplasty and further cardiac issue. For example in this education pack instruction need to be provided including when they can recovery to normal activity, in the few day post angioplasty, heavy lifting and strong exercise should be avoided hence the femoral site can heal properly and if patient detect early symptoms who should they contact and what do they need to report to the G.P For patients who have been prescribed with aspirin or other antiplatelet medication post angioplasty, they need to be informed what are the medication the patient must take and the purpose.Usually when stent has been implanted, patient will be administered clopedigrol(Plavix) once a day for within 2-4 weeks time. This medication is an potent aspirin-like drug which help reduce the clot formulation around the stent during the first week after the procedure. To avoid life-threatening complication, clopedigrol is a good prevention and patient should bring this medication before they discharged as prescribed. Specially for those patient who had medication history of anticoagulant to treat chest pain caused by the blockage, they can be resistant to the effects of aspirin thus regular blood examination is required to monitor patient’s response to anticoagulant and the doctor can adjust the dosage of aspirin or change the medication. Family support for the patient is essential in the recovery process, specially for elderly client who live alone, family visit help in early detection of complication and maintain of patient’s regular social function. EVALUATION OF QUALITY CARE Firstly if the nursing goal is achieved, clinical outcome directly match to effort, according to ANMC competence it is the nurses responsibility to fulfill duty of care and prevent harm to the patient for example, quickly identify bleeding in the post angioplasty patient. Secondly, practises in accordance with profession framework, understand clinical guideline and perform excellence quality of nursing care, for example, Avoid venipunctures on the post angioplasty patient. Thirdly, demonstrate analytical skills in accessing and and collecting patient’s data. In the case of the post angioplasty patient, this can be like assess patient on their procedure site and vital signs to and make independent nursing judgment to meet quality care. Based on the ANMC competency, nurse need to be able to identify individual and other team member’s responsibilities. Example is the when there occur bleeding, the nurse should contact the intern for bleeding and report relevant assessment and information. What’s more, nurse need to use evidence-based practice and give patient step by step instructions for performing a task, for example with the onset of bleeding from groin site post angioplasty, nurse need to put on gloves and hold pressure on the sheath site for approximately 20 minutes or more. Last but not least set up individual care plan for patient base on their preference and clinical objectives to meet unique demand of the patient. Conclusion Post angioplasty bleeding can be life threatening complication hence it is important for the health provider to monitor and assess early symptoms for internal or external bleeding. To practice within clinical guide benefit in prevention of the complication however individual situation should be considered and nurse need to make independent decision. Clinical guideline is aiming to improvement of quality of care thus evaluation of clinical outcome and feedback from patient play a role in improving practice.

No Child Left Behind Act Essay -- Politics Education School Learning E

No Child Left Behind Act President Bush quoted, â€Å"Clearly, our children are our future†¦Too many of our neediest children are being left behind† (www.ed.gov). The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education. The NCLB emphasizes accountability and abiding by policies set by the federal government. This law sets strict requirements and deadlines for states to expand the scope and frequency of student testing, restore their accountability system and guarantee that every classroom is staffed by a teacher qualified to teach in his or her subject area. Furthermore, the NCLB requires states to improve the quality of their schools from year to year. The NCLB pushes state governments and educational systems to help low-achieving and low-efficiency learners in high-poverty schools meet the same academic standards that apply to all other students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many important aspects of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act. I think the most important area of the act is the parents. Parents play just as an important role to the educational system as anyone else. NCLB expands parental options. NCLB supports learning in the early years, thereby preventing many learning difficulties that may arise later in the student's life. In fact, research shows that most reading problems faced by adolescents and adults are the result of problems that could have been prevented through good instruction in their early childhood years (Snow, Burns and Griffin 1998). NCLB provides more information for parents about their child’s progress. Reading and math assessments are done several times and provide parents with objective data on where their child stands academically. NCLB requires states and school districts to give parents easy-to-read, detailed report cards on schools and districts, telling them which ones are suc ceeding and why. These report cards are detailed with extensive data. NCLB ensures that parents have important information regarding the schools their children attend and whether they are performing well or not. In addition, under NCLB, such schools that are considered low-performing must use their federal funds to make needed improvements. In the event of a school’s continued poor performance, parents have the option to ensure that their children receive the high-quality education to which they are entitled. This... ...dards are one of the main topics of educational and political rhetoric and debate in this decade. One of the major reasons for this controversy is that it is almost impossible to separate standards from assessment of student progress and teacher and school accountability. Therefore, parents are at somewhat of a crossroad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the right amount of funding and the proper objectives from government, the education reform could grow to be a huge success. As for right now, it is still under reform, and with certain changes comes certain conflicts. The goal at hand seems to be an effort to put all students, no matter what race, gender, income-status, etc. at the same academic standing as all other students. This is an extremely difficult task with many students being at different learning abilities. President Bush is not going to give up and maintain his fight for better education. Our country, noted as the greatest nation in the world, deserves to give our children the right to an excellent education. The children of today are the men and women of the future. Therefore, the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act is a great step forward for teachers, parents and students across the country.

Analytical and Empirical Method

How to conduct heuristic evaluation? 5 Advantages5 Disadvantages6 Empirical Method (Usability Testing)7 What is Usability Testing? 7 How to conduct a usability testing? 7 Advantages of Usability Testing8 Disadvantages of Usability Testing9 Conclusion10 Task 211 Introduction11 Description of the problem11 Description of the difficulties11 Conclusion:14 References:15 Task 1 Introduction There are 4 ways mostly to evaluate user interface.Heuristic Evaluation (heuristically) by just looking at the interface and passing judgement according to one’s own view. Cognitive Walkthrough (analytical method) by some analysis procedure, Pluralistic Walkthroughs (empirically) by experiments with trial users, Feature, Consistency & Standards Inspection (automatically),by a programmed procedure. For this assignment I have choose the usability testing for empirical method where else for analytical method I have choose heuristic method. [1] Analytical Method (Heuristic usability) What is heur istic? Heuristic evaluation is a discount usability engineering method for quick, cheap, and easy evaluation of a user interface design. † [3] In heuristic evaluation the usability issues covered are effectiveness and efficiency but do not considered the satisfaction. Quantitative Data is not collected. this method also can be conducted remotely also can be used on any system. Several evaluators independently evaluate the interface & come up with potential usability problems. It is important that there be several of these evaluators and that the evaluations be done independently.Nielsen's experience indicates that around 5 evaluators usually results in about 75% of the overall usability problems being discovered. Heuristic Usability Principals Here I am going to explain more and have a closer look at what condition are needed to evaluate interfaces. Basically the evaluation is easier than design. The principles are the basic points that drive design and drive evaluation as well. The principals are: 1. Visibility of system status The application should always keep user on track and well known on which section of the application they are.This can avoid confusion and user can get the information easily without consuming more time. 2. Match between system and the real world. The relationship between two things, in most cases the mapping from digital world to real world. Metaphors and analogies 3. User control and freedom User should be informed what the system is doing and is the user on the right track, does it work the way it is suppose to work. This can prevent the user to do their activity correctly on path without having to redo all again. The application also should support undo and redo.The system should confirm with the user before take any action on the application, so user can exit immediately from new actions that risk them. 4. Consistency and standards An application should have a standard platform convention like the symmetry of the interfac e. Is it symmetrical? (Left-Right, Top-Bottom, Center). This includes also the wording to access the application example for navigation bar. The â€Å"Home† button should be same for all pages. It should not been changed to other type of looks (symbol or font) at other page when user access to it. 5.Error prevention The text message for error prevention should convey a message to user while they are currently on the application and risky to faulty. User can understand what the error message is about and prevent the faulty happen before they proceed to the next step. 6. Recognition rather than recall Using symbols that make user feel ease to recognize, remember and think what is the use of the button. The colour contrast also effect attention and focus where the user has been explored on the application. It also is to make user more focus and remember what they did.User also might convey the color for pink †¦ it’s a girl and blue †¦ it’s a boy. This wou ld not affect user memory load. 7. Flexibility and efficiency of use This refers to the perceived and actual properties of the â€Å"thing† that determine just how the â€Å"thing† could be used for new user that never been using that application. The appearance of the â€Å"thing† tells them how to use it. If the system is understandable, neither expert nor inexperienced can easily use the application. 8. Aesthetic and minimalist design The application should display the important and description for the point it is focusing on.The application should not display unnecessary information which will only cause the information traffic on the application. A special consideration for standards graphics and design are enough to make user comfortable when using the application. 9. Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors The error text must not be too long or too short. It should be simple and precisely organized to make sure the user understand the faul ty they have done and they can correct the error based on the solution given in the error message. 10. Help and documentationThere might be possibilities that user don’t need any help and documentation while or after using an application, but there is the chances for user to document the information and get the help if there are lost. This should be considered to ensure user get fully access and satisfied after exit the application. The application must make the user easy to find the information they are looking for focusing on their task and help should provide the step they should pursue. How to conduct heuristic evaluation? Heuristic evaluation by Nielson is a method used by researchers to find usability problems in interfaces designed for use by public.The heuristic evaluation process starts from questions a small number of users, called evaluators, to complete a set of pre-programmed tasks usually related with using the interface. As summary basically the evaluation will be : * Obtain the service of 4, 5 or 6 usability experts, questions a set of pre-programmed tasks usually related with using the interface. * Each expert will perform an independent evaluation, answer question related to interface * Give experts a heuristics inspection guide, is followed from Nielsen’s ten usability principles (Nielsen, Jakob 1994). Collect the individual evaluations, which are answered in subsequent iterative sketch of the interface for better simplicity of use and significant knowledge.* Bring the experts together and do a group heuristic evaluation. (Optional) Advantages Quick and relatively inexpensive feedback to designers can be provided by this method. Response can be obtained early in the design process. Conveying the correct heuristic can help suggest the best corrective measures to designers. * Cheaper comparative to other assessment method. * Spontaneous and simple to encourage potential evaluators to use the method * No advance planning required Formal usability training is not required for evaluators. Professional computer programmers and computer science students are used in Nielsen and Molich * Can be used early in the growth process * Quicker revolve time than laboratory testing Disadvantages Applying heuristics effectively need a good knowledge and skill. Usability experts sometime hard to find and can be pricey. Multiple evaluators are recommended and results must be aggregated. Minor issues and fewer major issues can be detected through these evaluations. * Evaluators maybe just have the understanding of usability design principles, but not for usability experts.Usability experts would recognize more issues than non-experts, experts are the people who have the skill with the type of interface being evaluated, they can identified the most issues was according to Nielson. * The results from multiple evaluators must be aggregated. This is because the evaluator only can detect few issues, but if the issues combined the m ore precise result outcome they can gain. * Heuristic evaluations only identify lesser usability issues compare to and other discount methods may not identify as many usability issues as other usability engineering methods, for example, usability testing. Complex interfaces may not scale well for heuristic reviews. Evaluators may not find the major or serious problem the interface had if the interfaces are complex. * All the issues identified may not willingly suggest solutions for the usability issues * The evaluators are just pretend to be the user but they are not the real user. * The entire problem identified may not be the actual problem in real interface. Empirical Method (Usability Testing) What is Usability Testing? We need to use usability testing method to produce tasks professionally, efficiently and pleasingly for the user benefit.It is better to produce a pre-programme application to ensure so that any important issues can identify. Usability testing can be done at any stages of the design process. Usability testing is not an alternative for a human centred design process and appropriate techniques such as walkthroughs also can be use. Test host or the user who is going to represent for usability testing session should attend. The attendance should be at least one observer one developer and one business representative. Observers should strictly be in a separate observation room.Density of the system, the number of intended users, and budgetary constraints should be considered when doing the session. Even one test session is better than none, but if its more it will tend to discover the majority of important issues. There are two major factor should be considered when conducting a usability testing. The first is to ensure that the best possible method for testing is used. The second major consideration is to ensure that an iterative approach is used. How to conduct a usability testing? To prepare for a usability test we must identify delegate tasks .Ideally, these should derive from scenarios or use cases developed earlier in the design process. Have a clear definition of when a task is complete. We also must prepare a test schedule, book the required room, and identify representative users and invite them to attend. We will need the following materials: †¢ A formal script so that all participants are treated in the same way. †¢ A pre-evaluation questionnaire to check that your participants match the required profile. †¢ A list of tasks, together with criteria for measuring whether they have been successfully completed. Logging sheets to record timing, events, participant actions, concerns and comments. The guidelines should be followed: †¢ Run a pilot test. †¢ Ensure that participants have the option to abandon any tasks which they are unable to complete. †¢ Do not prompt participants unless it is clearly necessary to do so. †¢ Record events in as much detail as possible to the level of keys trokes and mouse clicks if necessary. †¢ If there are observers, ensure that they do not interrupt in any way. Observers formally prior to test. †¢ Be sensitive to the fact that developers may be upset by what they observe or what you report.Advantages of Usability Testing The advantages of usability testing are [5]: * Reply direct from the board audience to spot the project group * Private conversation can be done by testing the issue to see how users response to the different options being discussed * Problem and possible difficulties are stated clearly before the product is launched. The business advantages of usability testing can be seen at the end of the project: * Probability of usage and frequent usage increase * Risk of the product fault is reduce * Users are able to get what they expect, which makes business meeting its targets achievable.Benefits of using usability testing are [6]: * Reduce maintenance costs, increase user fulfilment, and save on development eff ort cost. * Relevance feedback helps to increase the quality experience. * Measures activities, not preference. Users like to insist what they want, but by observing and measuring behaviour, we can understand what the best for their needs and support is. * Get a competitive benefit. User with no experience can give negative impact to a website. A systematic website is expected by users, especially when the competitors of websites developer are a lot now. Focus to the major needs and the aim of the application. Disadvantages of Usability Testing Usability testing provides many benefits, but there are the disadvantages in using this methodology, which should be noted. Firstly, testing is not 100% representative of the real life scenario. Also, usability testing is mainly qualitative, so does not provide the large samples of response that a questionnaire may, but the response can be far more precise and understandable. It requires a certain level of knowledge and experience to apply th e heuristics effectively. Trained usability experts are sometimes hard to find and can be expensive.Multiple evaluators are recommended and results must be aggregated. The evaluation may identify more minor issues and fewer major issues. [9] Conclusion Two common usability evaluation methods, heuristic evaluation and usability testing were analayse. Results found that heuristic evaluation performed by HCI experts revealed more general problems, while usability testing is a way to see how easy to use something is by testing it with real users. To provide the most effective and thorough usability evaluation results, a combination of usability evaluation techniques from both expert and system user perspectives is recommended. Task 2Introduction For task 2, I am going to evaluate a website from a bank which is OCBC bank. Description of the problem 1. The first problem i notice when I start to evaluate the website was the layout. the layout is merely merge to left side of the webpage. 2. The navigation bar size. It is too small. 3. The application do not provide â€Å"search† function for user to search information. 4. I didnt notice the login function,no idea where to login. The homepage there is no official login space. 5. No language selection option. 6. No register new user and login specific space at main page. 7. No sitemap to track location in application page. . The process option button and link appearance are not interesting and recognizable. 9. Once the user click any options from main page to proceed the next step,the application open new window. Description of the difficulties 1. User need to focus on the left side of the webpage whereelse it should be in the center for user to feel more comfortable when viewing webpage. The view is not standard as normal webpage. 2. The navigation bar font is too small and situated at the upper right corner of the webpage. It is not standard. These two diffrent navigation bar makes user confuse to choose which function to move in the application.Furthermore,when user click to login page,another window open and it does not have a standard navigation bar as the previous page. User will feel confuse,with diffrent thing appears. 3. The login function is not standard. There are several option to login to application. It suppose to have a official login space then allows user to choose the service they want to involve. the login space looks like advertistment and not noticable. 4. Language. User supposed can select the language they are prefereable for. But this application dont allow user to choose the language they understand.If the user dont understand,how they want to use the application. There is just the selection list of country only but not for language. 5. The application does not provide sitemap to track location of user that use the application at current time. Sitemap used to make user easy to navigate along the pages gone through. user can eesayly get back to the pages prevoiously without wasting time to find pages that they want. 6. The hyperlink should be as buttons or symbol button to make user easy to recognize and remember the direction to use the application for the next visit. . Once the user click any options from main page to proceed the next step,the application open new window.User cannot go back to the previous page because noâ€Å"back†function at the web page neither at the browser. If user want go back,user must exit the new window and restore the main page again. If user did some errors user need to repeat all the steps again. Heuristic and explanation 1. The small and not standard navigation bar is link to consistency and standards. * It suppose to gathered and user should select from a line of navigation bar. when user click to login page,another window open and it does not have a standard navigation bar as the previous page. * User feels a diffrent environment,diffrent situation word. 2. The no option for language is match between sy stem and real world. * The system should speaks user language,word or phrase which familliar with the user. This will make user more comfortable and understand what they are doing. 3. Layout of the web which go to left side is a aesthetic and minimalist design. * User should not wonder the blank space of the webpage. It should be used to put any related information. 4.No sitemap for user location is equal with flexibility and efficiency of use. * Sitemap can help the inexperience user to go back to previous page they were to make sure they are on the correct path to do their job. 5. Error prevention which dont have â€Å"back† button,is link with user control and freedom. * This sytem dont allow users to go back. It do no support undo and redo. * User need to navigate away from the page directly and go back to main page and access again the application. 6. Uninteresting link and button to continue using the application is a recognition rather than recall heuristic. The links navigation dont give the user idea when they first see the webpage. User need to read the links and then click to continue. * The link should suppose to be icons so that whenever the user come for next visit,they will recognize the buttons and save their memory load and time. Summary A heuristic evaluation is a usability inspection helps to identify usability problems in the user interface (UI) design, As I find in the OCBC Bank website, it specifically involves me examine the interface and judge its compliance with recognized usability principles (the â€Å"heuristics†).I independently examine a user interface and judge its compliance with a set of usability principles. The result of this analysis is a list of potential usability issues or problems. The usability principles, also referred to as usability heuristics, are taken from published lists. Ideally, each potential usability problem is assigned to one or more heuristics to help facilitate fixing the problem. As more ev aluators are involved, more true problems are found.But as from my view, I can list out only these usability problems and I also have stated the reasons and why it is a problem to me and also what is lacking at the webpage.

Describe the origins of public health in the UK Essay

Public health was best described by the Yale professor Winslow in 1920 who described it as ‘the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health’. Public health covers a range of areas, and is constantly having to be changed to keep up with the changing health needs of the public. (Fleming, M. and Parker, E. (2009) An introduction to Public Health Churchill Livingston Elsevier: Australia) During the Victorian Era, public health was not an issue that was dealt with by the government. There weren’t public hospitals, and only those from a wealthy background were able to access medical care. There was no such thing as vaccinations as there was very few educated on health, and many people died from diseases and infections in all classes, that now a day are easily treated. The people of this time were very uneducated about personal hygiene care and knew nothing about the spread of diseases. The people based their beliefs on their interpretations of what they saw going on around them. Due to the lack of knowledge it was believed if someone died it was because they were, for example, possessed by a daemon or they were a witch. In today’s society we have the understanding and science to allow us insight into the real reasons that people die and get unwell, we know that illness are not caused because someone is a witch. During the 19th century there was many factories built which offered jobs to many people, so many people moved from the country to be near the factories as the transport systems were so poor. This meant that there was large numbers of people living in small areas. Though when the people began work in the factories, they soon realised that all was not as good as they had hoped for. In today’s world we have a far better transport network which means people can live in less confined areas, and they can travel easily to reach their places of work. Long working hours, poor wages and bad nutrition meant that people’s health started to decline, and it was in fact the more rural living people that lived longer. People were paid such bad wages and there was no benefits system in place, so when people were unable to afford a house for them and their families they were sent to the workhouse which was a last resort, in the workhouse people never got out alive, all dying shortly after they entered due to the vast amount of sickness that was there. Children went to work in the factories as soon as they were old enough, about 8 years old, and the woman also went to work in the factories as well as caring for the sick. This meant that the death rate in woman and children was especially low. In 1833 the Factory Act was put into place. This act was to regulate the working hours of woman and children, it took a long time to be implemented but it was a step towards the regulation of working conditions. Today is it illegal for a child to work until they reach the age of 16, and woman get paid leave from their jobs when they have a baby, this has meant that children are able to go to school and get an education and grow physically and intellectually instead of going to work from they can walk. During this time there was no such thing as building controls, so the homes in which people lived were of bad conditions, they were overcrowded and did not have any sanitation such as running water or sewage facilities. A six bedroom house would have had 6 large families living in it, one family per room. This meant that people had to take turns sleeping and infection spread easily, due to lack of sanitation. In today’s society we have building control who ensure that ll homes are fit for purpose and most people have their own bedroom, rather than one family to a bedroom. The life expectancy of someone living at this time and working in one of these factories was around the age of 22. The life expectancy for tradesmen was 27, men had a higher life expectancy that woman, and the upper class had a life expectancy of 45 as they were not subjected to the reality of the slums and factories. In today’s society the life expectancy of woman is 5 to 10 years longer than it is for men. This is mainly due to the fact that woman look after their health better and are more regular users of going to the doctors than men are. Woman are also more likely to talk to their friends if they think that they have something wrong where as men are not big talkers when it comes to their health. During the Victorian Era 60’000 to 70’000 people during every decade from tuberculosis and the numbers dying from it decreased and in recent years it was thought to completely be eradicated. The health service then made the decision not to vaccinate people for the disease because there had been no numbers of death from it, but this has not been the case and people have begun to tract it again and there are people dying from it. (bbc 2011) In 2011, 8,963 cases of TB were reported in the UK. (NHS 2012) No toilet facilities or sewage system meant that people chucked their waste out to the street, not knowing the consequences that untreated waste would have on their health. The water that the waste was thrown into was the same water that vermin and other animals lived in; this water was also used by the families for cooking and drinking which meant there was a serious spread of infections. Cholera is a water born disease which claimed the lives of thousands of people living during the 19th century, the symptoms include; stomach pains, vomiting, diarrhoea and the skin turning blue. Dr John Snow, who is now a famous figure in history, was the first person to make the connection that cholera spread through the water. He was a working class man, and he went on to study the people and how they were becoming ill, and discovered how cholera was spreading, and so epidemiology began. Epidemiology is the study of the spread of diseases and it is something that is ongoing today with the many new diseases that are being found. (bbc) Cholera is a disease was thought to have been eradicated but due to the recent weather disruptions across the UK and Ireland, the government are concerned that there could be another breakout. Thousands of homes have become flooded and the sewage from these homes is running up and down the streets, this being a vast resemblance to the 19th century. Microbiologists testing water in Moorlands, Somerset, found it contains 60,000 to 70,000 bacteria per 100 milliliter. Water should contain no more than 1,000 per milliliter, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). The towns and cities were not a pleasant place to be, the streets were filthy, and the drains and sewers which ran in the streets were blocked and overflowing. Rubbish was also just threw out to the street which meant there was a lot of vermin attracted, which also carried many diseases, this caused national concern. More and more housing was being needed, so poorly built houses were erected on top of rubbish piles, this rubbish did not provide solid founds, and made the houses very dangerous for living in. The poor people could not get help, the middle class saw them as immoral as they were all living in such cramped housing. There were charities set up, such as the Peabody Trust in 1862 and The Guinness Trust in 1890 which aimed to help the people but these failed to meet the needs of the people most desperate in society. In 1866 after a fourth case of cholera killed 6000 people; the government put the first piece of legislation in place that actually made changes to the peoples lives, The Sanitary Act. This law meant that authorities had to provide fresh water, sewage and waste disposal. This law took a long time to be implemented into all houses within Britain but it meant that life expectancy was slowly on the rise. All of the towns had to have a Sanitary Inspectors and the Home Secretary was empowered to take proceedings for the removal of nuisances where local authorities failed to act. Today all homes in Britain benefit from the Sanitary Act as they have running water and sewage facilities, and also a better knowledge on personal hygiene. By the end of the Victorian Era, treatment of illness started to become more advanced and surgery became more effective as there was a better knowledge. Moving into the 20th century there was still many of the problems which existed during the 19th century. These on-going problems included housing and slums, poverty, lack of hospitals, nutritional issues, and the same sanitation problems. One piece of legislation that ensured a better quality of life for the people was the House of the Working Class Act, this began the building of council houses, a development which is still being used in present day, especially sue to the recessionary times that we are currently in and the increasing amounts of people that are becoming homeless due to reduced jobs and opportunities. In today’s society we still have problems with many of these issues. In the recent economic climate and the recession, people have become unemployed and living has started to back track to these times, a lot of people have not been able to keep up repayments on their mortgages and homelessness has become a booming issue. This homelessness has meant that there has been a small rise in the numbers of council houses being built. Another problem which is still ongoing in today’s society is peoples nutrition. In the 19th and 20th centuries people suffered from bad nutrition as they did not know about vitamins and nutrients and people were badly malnourished and underweight which added to many health problems such as rickets, and in today’s society we still have nutritional problems. Fast food and fatty foods are so easily accessible and people find them to be handier than cooking nutritious meals and so people are becoming increasingly overweight and many suffer from obesity. According to the World Health Organisation, in 2008 there was 1. 4 billion adults over 20 who were classified as obese and in 2011 there was over 40 million children suffering from obesity also. (WHO 2013) Free school meals for children were also introduced in 1906; these free meals are still available to some children today. They ensure that the children are getting the proper nutrients and vitamins that is necessary to encourage growth and to also help them concentrate and learn. The health and wellbeing of children was one of the main aspects of public health that the Ministry of Health were trying to protect, and in 1907 a school nurse was assigned to all schools, and her main role to begin with was to check the children’s heads for nits. The role of the school nurse then developed to carry out examinations on all aspects of the children’s health, growth and development. In 1911 National Insurance was first introduced. This new system meant that working people had a small amount taken out of their wages which was put into the health care system, and if the worker was to fall ill then they would be able to avail of free health care, this was only for the worker though and not their spouse or children. (bbc) The First World War was one of the key events in the 20th century that highlighted the poor health of people living in Britain. The war put in place a need for an army of healthy young men as recruits, but this proved hard. The recruits were sent to war malnourished, meaning that they did not last long, and if they suffered an injury they were not strong enough to live. As no one knew how long the war was going to last there was a concentration on the health of pregnant woman and young men’s, as these would be the military of the future if the war was to continue. There were not many hospitals available for the people who needed them and it was only the wealthy that had access to them, as there no health care service like we have today, and the people had to pay for their medical care. The military were starting to come back from the war so there was an expansion in the number of hospitals being built as the conditions were still very poor in Britain, but these were solely for the use of the military soldiers. The Prime Minister at the time, Lloyd George promised a ‘home fit for heroes’ in 1918 and so the government set out the building of half a million homes by 1933. (bbc) A year later in 1919 the Ministry of Health was set up to look after the sanitation, health care and disease as well as the training of doctors, nurses, midwives and dentists. Dental care at the time was a huge issue, due to the malnourishment, people’s teeth were very poor and dental care did not really exist especially for the poorer people in society. Malnutrition continued to be a huge public health concern up until the Second World War with the introduction of rationing. This was a huge change to people’s lives and was implemented by the Ministry of Food in 1940. Rationing meant that each person could only buy a fixed amount of certain foods each week, and you had to hand over coupons from the family’s ration book. This reason behind rationing was because most of the food consumed in the UK and Ireland were imported from other countries, and this war proved to cause problems to this happening. During this war planes were used to drop bombs on ships and quite often the ships importing the fresh foods were bombed and the food destroyed, so this new rationing idea meant that everyone was able to gain access to the same amounts of fresh foods. Rationing is a concept that is still widely used today throughout the world by the army soldiers. The use of planes to drop bombs also caused a lot of destruction to people’s homes, many of them being destroyed, sometimes whole towns or cities were destroyed. During these troubling times people were expecting for their homes to be bombed so the government put in place a scheme for the children to be sent to the country where it would be safer for them. This was organised through ‘billeting officers’ and the children’s new homes were called ‘billets’. The children went to school and lived together until the war was over. The destruction, as bad as it was, gave the cities the opportunities to rebuild their homes to a better standard. In 1941 the British government commissioned a report into the ways that Britain should be rebuilt. William Beveridge, the director of the London School of Economics, was put in charge of the rebuilding. His report which was published in 1942 identified that there were five giant evils which would have to be overcome, these included; squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease. The Beveridge report has since formed much of the social legislation that we use today. Beveridge wanted to create a ‘cradle to grave’ health care system. The working people and the employers would still pay national insurance and for the service to be sustained more jobs would have to be created. In 1948 the NHS which we still have to this day was established. The NHS was an ambitious plan to bring healthcare to all people regardless of their social class or wealth or gender, and the healthcare would be free at the point of delivery. This was the first time that doctors, nurses, pharmacists, opticians and dentists would all work together. (NHS 2012) The 20th and 21st centuries saw a huge decline in the number of infectious diseases mortalities, and an increased life expectancy. One of the main reasons for this was the discovery of antibiotics in 1929, and the use of these in the 1940’s showed their true potential. Immunizations also came into practice and people had a better understanding of foods, and what foods improved health all contributing factors to people having better health. The NHS is still working to improve the health of its service users and it is working with many researching companies to find cures for the new diseases  that are developing. Although it is a great concept which has been active for over 60 years, the NHS is under a lot of stain and financial pressure. Due to the economic downturn there is less people working and so there is less national insurance being paid so there the NHS has less funding to provide the outstanding services that it does to the UK for free. The doctors and nurses are under almost intolerable pressure, and this is due to cuts in hospital beds, growing admissions and staff shortages. On 24th February, the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast became under so much pressure in its emergency department that extra staff had to be called in to deal with the escalating number of people seeking treatment, at one point there was more than 100 people waiting. This does not conquer the goals that the NHS had initially set out to achieve in 1948.

The Reality Of Huckleberry Finn essays

The Reality Of Huckleberry Finn essays Huckleberry Finn is a book that contains elements of romantic and realistic fiction; even though it contains both these elements, it is a book on realistic fiction, and that is how it was written to be. Mark Twain used historical facts and data to make this story realistic, it used situations that would normally happen in the time the novel takes place in. Huckleberry Finn's father is a vagrant and a despicable person; his actions are written to how a man of that characteristic would act. Two more characters in this novel also act accordingly; the Duke and the Dauphin. A couple of crooks and frauds who are ill at heart and produce no good at all. A kind man Jim, a black slave at the beginning of this novel, goes through much and many people go through much for him. Of these characters I have just mentioned, Jim is the only considerate one, and the Duke and the Dauphin and Huckleberry Finn's father are evil. Huckleberry Finn has no strong feelings for his father except that of resentment. His father abandoned him when he was a child and come backs to town once in a while. His father would beat Huck many times usually because he was drunk. This is not unusual for someone drunk to do if that person is a beater. "I used to be scared of him all the time, he tanned me so much." (Twain, p. 25) Besides him beating Huck, his father has put fear into Huck, which is sad, but is realistic. Besides beating Huck, he also scolded him for trying to get an education; he though Huck was trying to become smarter than his father, and he wouldn't have that. "You're educated, too, they say can read and write. You think you're better'n your father, now, don't you, because he can't? I'll take it out of you." (Twain, pg. 26) Not only is Huck's father mean and petty, he is also greedy. "'I've been in town two days, and I hain't heard nothing but about you bein' rich. I heard about it away down the riv er, too. That's why I come. You git me t...

Seleucus as a Successor of Alexander

Seleucus as a Successor of Alexander Seleucus was one of the Diadochi or successors of Alexander. His name was given to the empire he and his successors ruled. These, the Seleucids, may be familiar because they came into contact with the Hellenistic Jews involved in the revolt of the Maccabees (at the heart of the holiday of Hanukkah). Seleucuss Early Life and Family Seleucus himself was one of the Macedonians who fought with Alexander the Great as he conquered Persia and the western part of the Indian subcontinent, from 334 on. His father, Antiochus, had fought with Alexanders father, Philip, and so it is thought Alexander and Seleucus were around the same age, with Seleucus birthdate about 358. His mother was Laodice. Starting his military career while still a young man, Seleucus had become a senior officer by 326, in command of the royal Hypaspistai and on Alexanders staff. He crossed the Hydaspes River, in the Indian subcontinent, along with Alexander, Perdiccas, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy, some of his fellow notables in the empire carved by Alexander. Then, in 324, Seleucus was among those Alexander required to marry Iranian princesses. Seleucus married Apama, daughter of Spitamenes. Appian says Seleucus founded three cities that he named in her honor. She would become the mother of his successor, Antiochus I Soter. This makes the Seleucids par t Macedonian and part Iranian, and so, Persian. Seleucus Flees to Babylonia Perdiccas appointed Seleucus commander of the shield bearers in about 323, but Seleucus was one of those who murdered Perdiccas. Later, Seleucus resigned command, surrendering it to Cassander, son of Antipater so that he could govern as satrap the province of Babylonia when the territorial division was made at Triparadisus in about 320. In c. 315, Seleucus fled from Babylonia and Antigonus Monophthalmus to Egypt and Ptolemy Soter. One day Seleucus insulted an officer without consulting Antigonus, who was present, and Antigonus out of spite asked for accounts of his money and his possessions; Seleucus, being no match for Antigonus, withdrew to Ptolemy in Egypt. Immediately after his flight, Antigonus deposed Blitor, the governor of Mesopotamia, for letting Seleucus escape, and took over personal control of Babylonia, Mesopotamia and all the peoples from the Medes to the Hellespont....- Arrian Seleucus Takes Back Babylonia In 312, at the Battle of Gaza, in the third Diadoch War, Ptolemy and Seleucus defeated Demetrius Polorcetes, son of Antigonus. The next year Seleucus took Babylonia back. When the Babylonian War broke out, Seleucus defeated Nicanor. In 310 he defeated Demetrius. Then Antigonus invaded Babylonia. In 309 Seleucus defeated Antigonus. This marks the start of the Seleucid empire. Then in the Battle of Ipsus, during the fourth Diadoch war, Antigonus was defeated, Seleucus conquered Syria. After Antigonus had fallen in battle [1], the kings who had joined with Seleucus in destroying Antigonus, shared out his territory. Seleucus obtained then Syria from the Euphrates to the sea and inland Phrygia [2]. Always lying in wait for the neighboring peoples, with the power to coerce and the persuasion of diplomacy, he became ruler of Mesopotamia, Armenia, Seleucid Cappadocia (as it is called) [3], the Persians, Parthians, Bactrians, Arians and Tapurians, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and all other neighboring peoples whom Alexander had conquered in war as far as the Indus. The boundaries of his rule in Asia extended further than those of any ruler apart from Alexander; the whole land from Phrygia eastwards to the river Indus was subject to Seleucus. He crossed the Indus and made war on Sandracottus [4], king of the Indians about that river, and eventually arranged friendship and a marriage alliance with him. Some of these achievements belong to the period before the end of Antig onus, others to after his death. [...]- Appian Ptolemy Assassinates Seleucus In September 281, Ptolemy Keraunos assassinated Seleucus, who was buried in a city he had founded and named for himself. Seleucus had 72 satraps under him [7], so vast was the territory he ruled. Most of it he handed over to his son [8], and ruled himself only the land from the sea to the Euphrates. His last war he fought against Lysimachus for the control of Hellespontine Phrygia; he defeated Lysimachus who fell in the battle, and crossed himself the Hellespont [9]. As he was marching up to Lysimachea [10] he was murdered by Ptolemy nicknamed Keraunos who was accompanying him [11].This Keraunos was the son of Ptolemy Soter and Eurydice the daughter of Antipater; he had fled from Egypt through fear, as Ptolemy had in mind to hand over his realm to his youngest son. Seleucus welcomed him as the unfortunate son of his friend, and supported and took everywhere his own future assassin. And so Seleucus met his fate at the age of 73, having been king for 42 years.- Ibid Sources Diodorus xviii Justin xiiiPlutarchNeposJona LenderingCurtius x.5.7 fGreek Coins and Their Parent Cities, by John Ward, Sir George Francis HillMasters of Command by Barry StraussGhost on the Throne, by James RommAlexander the Great and His Empire, by Pierre Briant