Ottoman vs. Mughals

footstool imperium Vs. Mughal Empire The hassock and Mughal empires were both(prenominal) of the most successful empires to ever come together. However, in their dominance there was umpteen similarities as well(p) as differences. Both went through their share of struggle. Whether through political, religious, or cultural struggle the cardinal empires had to desire on their emperors for guidance and rule. The pooves were amid the Turkic-speaking nomadic bulk who had spread westward from Central Asia through tabu the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries. The primary to appear were the Seljuk Turks.In the late thirteenth century, a new decompose of Turks began to emerge in the northwestern corner of Anatolian peninsula, under the leadership of the tribal leader Osman. These Turks were peaceful and enmeshed in pastoral pursuits. However, with the decline of the Seljuk Empire in the early fourteenth century, the Osman Turks began to expand and founded the puff dynasty. The Osmanlis later became cognise as the Ottomans. Later expanding westward the Ottoman Empire set up their first European base at G aloneipoli. They expanded gradually into the Balkans and allied with Serbia and Bulgar forces against the twistys.Okhar gradually established permanent settlements in the area. Through off the area Turkish provincial governors, called beys, collected appraisees from the local Slavic peasants after driving out the previous priminglords. This later became known as the Bey remains. Which would be the foundation of the Ottoman politics for centuries. In this remains the Ottoman leader began to claim the call of Sultan or supreme originator over his domain. The Ottoman political frame was the result of the evolution of tribal institutions into a sedentary empire (Duiker, Spielvogel. 455).At the apex of this system was the Sultan, who was the authority in both a political and military sense. Though, both administrative and military power was centraliz ed under the bey. Okhars son Murad succeeded him in 1389. Murad began to build of a strong military administration based on the recruitment of Christians into an elite guard. These warriors were called Janissaries. Some of these Janissaries were even able to become senior members of the bureaucracy. They were and then assigned land in fief by the sultan and were responsible for collecting taxes and supplying armies to the empire.The land was farmed out to the local cavalry elite called the Sipahis. Who were equivalent to the beys, this system later became known as the Devshirme system. Janissaries were alike a big advant while because they were directly subordinated to the sultanate because of this they owed loyalty to the person of the sultan. Both Okhars and Murads system were vital aspects of the Ottomans expansion. The most prevalent was in 1451 when Mehmet II ordered the construction of a major fortress on the Bosporus. This move put the Turks in a position to strangle the By zantine Empire. With the Byzantines hand-cuffed, Mehmet II made his move.He attacked Constantinople in 1453 where he defeated the empire and ignited the expansion of what would be known as one of the most dominant empires of all time. Constantinople later was renamed to Istanbul, as it became the center of the art, education, and religion for the Ottoman Empire. Mehmet II did not only tear down the Byzantine Empire, only if he also construct the Topkapi Palace, which was the heart of administration and religion. The Ottoman Empire continued their expansion with Mehmets successor Selim I in 1512. Selim I defeated the Mamlucks of Egypt after they failed to support the Ottomans in there battle against the Safavids.Which gave him control of several sanctum sanctorum cities of Islam, including Jerusalem, Mecca, and Medina, Selim declared himself the new Caliph, or the successor of Muhammad in the Muslim religion. The Caliph is the highest religious authority and the guardian of the re ligion. Also, the Caliph interprets laws of the Sharia. However, in practice the Head Priest does the interpreting. These Ottomans elites were Sunni Muslims, although, Islamic law and customs were applied to all Muslims in the empire. Some communities were attracted to Sufism or other heterodox doctrines.The government accepted such activities as gigantic as the communities remained loyal to the empire. Non-Muslims formed a significant minority at heart the empire. The minority was treated with relative tolerance, but they were compelled to pay a send tax and were permitted to practice their religion or convert to Islam. from each one of these religious groups within the empire was organized as an administrative unit known as millet. to each one group, including Muslims had its own patriarch priest, who dealt as an intermediary with the government and administered the community according to its own laws. Nomadic people were placed in separate millets.Where they were subject to their own laws, and were governed by their hereditary chiefs, the beys. The Mughals came about in kind of a different way. In the late fourteenth century, the Indian subcontinent known as Calicut was divided into a number of Hindoo and Muslim kingdoms. However, it was on the verge of a new era of unity that was brought upon by a foreign dynasty known as the Mughals. The Founder of the Mughal Empire known as Babur had a heavy(a) family history, not only was his father a descendent from the great Asian conqueror Tamerlane, but his bring was also a descendent from the Mongol Conqueror Genghis Khan.Unlike the Ottomans who earned their first land as a reward from the Seljuk Turks for their role in the drive out of the Mongols in the late thirteenth century. Babur get a portion of Tamerlanes empire in an upland valley of the Syr Darya River. Though, the Uzbeks and then the Safavid dynasty in Persia drive him south. Babur and his warriors later seized Kabul in 1504 and thirteen year s later crossed Khyber Pass into India. Moreover, the conqueror of the Mughal Empire that made the greatest impact was Baburs grandson Akbar.Although he was illiterate, and only assumed the throne at the age of fourteen. He was also remembered as one of the most intelligent conquerors of the empire. So intelligent, instead of taking the title of the Caliph as the Ottomans did. He proclaimed himself as the spiritual and temporal head of state. Akbar did this to insure that everyone would follow his policies, not because he was Devine, but because of his wisdom. Akbar took toleration to an entirely different level. Making the Ottomans look intolerable, as emperor Akbar displayed a keen interest in other religions.Tolerating Hindu practices in his own domains but also welcoming the expression of Christian views by his Jesuit advisers. With these beliefs, Akbar determined to formulate his own religion he called Din-I-Ilahi. This religion was based off toleration, taking away many regul ations that the Muslim court had in place. For example, he allowed worship in public he allowed construction of Christian churches and Hindu Temple. As well as establishing a translation department, translating Hindu religious books into Persian. Yet in 1519, maybe the most important regulation was eliminated, when Akbar abolished the Jizya.This was the head tax put in place by the ottomans to all of the Non-Muslims had to pay in order to stay out of the military. Doing this created a brotherhood of man within the Muslim culture, unlike the Ottomans who looked down on the minorities in the area. Akbar also extends his changes to the imperial administration. The empire was divided into provinces, a lot like the Ottomans, and the administration of each province was modeled after the central government, with separate departments for military, financial, commercial, and legal affairs. Senior officials were then appointed for each department.These officials were known as Zamindars. The o fficials were first paid salaries, but later they were ordinarily assigned sections of agricultural land. Where peasants walked the land, tilled the land, but were forced to pay a tax to the Zamindar. Which was partly kept by the Zamindar, and the rest was forwarded to the central government. The Zamindar also recruited a number of military and civilian retainers and accumulated considerable power in their areas. A great deal of the Mughals success was the harmony that Akbar oblige on their society.Unfortunately, when Akbar passed, so did most of his ideas. Akbars successors tried to turn the Mughal Empire back into a Sunni Muslim state, and the toleration of Non-Muslims was gone. This discrimination as well as economic crisis led to decline of the Mughal Empire. Despite the situation that both the Ottomans and the Mughals had outstanding leadership and motivation, this was not the lone factor that allowed them to be so successful. Some scholars have labeled them Gun Powder Empire because of their superior military techniques of modern warfare, oddly the use of firearms.Firearms played a central role in expansion for both the empires. In conclusion, these two Sunni Muslim empires could seem quite diverse on one hand, but in the big contrive they have a considerable amount in common. Both were trying to achieve their goal of expansion, and both had to innovate their own regulations within a Sunni Muslim state. Nevertheless, the two went about these two goals in a diverse way. Bibliography William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel, World History Seventh Edition, The Pennsylvania State University, Vol. II, Since 1500.